Sociology: Chapter 15 Authority and the State. 100% Chapter 15 Authority and the State Multiple Choice 1. Authority refers to: a. rules and regulations of society. b. the enforcement of societal folkways. c. the justifiable right to exercise power. d. the process of commanding. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 547 TOP: Factual OBJ: Authority 2. How do rulers prove their authority? a. by overthrowing the current government b. by building up the largest army c. by persuading subordinates that their claim to power is valid d. by establishing their own government system ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 547 TOP: Factual OBJ: Authority 3. A person who is always the center of attention and comfortable with being a leader probably has what kind of authority? a. charismatic b. spiritual c. supernatural d. natural ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 547 TOP: Applied OBJ: Charismatic Authority 4. Weber used the term charisma to describe a person’s: a. authority. b. superhuman aura. c. legitimization. d. character. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 547 TOP: Factual OBJ: Charismatic Authority 5. In Freakonomics, Levitt and Dubner found that political candidates can’t win an election unless: a. they have the most money. b. they have the same beliefs as the person currently in office. c. the electorate likes him or her. d. their party has the majority. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 547 TOP: Factual OBJ: Charismatic Authority 6. In the 1970s a man by the name of Jim Jones persuaded 900 people to commit suicide in Guyana. He was the leader of the Peoples Temple, and his personal appeal allowed him to have this power over his followers. We would call this ____________ authority. a. political b. charismatic c. traditional d. rational ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Pages 547–548 TOP: Applied OBJ: Charismatic Authority 7. Hereditary monarchies, whereby the crown passes down through a single family, are an example of: a. hierarchy tradition. b. hierarchy authority. c. charismatic authority. d. traditional authority. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 548 TOP: Factual OBJ: Traditional Authority 8. Organizations ruled by traditional authority run into problems when a situation occurs: a. that the first leader did not set a precedent for. b. in which the leader disagrees with his followers. c. that branches out into new areas of interest. d. where the new leader disagrees with former leaders. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 548 TOP: Factual OBJ: Traditional Authority 9. Most modern societies would be classified as having which type of authority? a. rational b. legal-rational c. authoritative d. supreme ruler ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 548 TOP: Factual OBJ: Legal-Rational Authority 10. In a legal-rational society, personality and tradition are less important than: a. multiple leaders. b. a supreme ruler. c. formal rules. d. justification for legal decisions. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 548 TOP: Factual OBJ: Legal-Rational Authority 11. Legal-rational authority allows a governor to make laws, but a police officer cannot. What is the difference between the individuals? a. their income b. their political party c. their roles d. their parents’ income ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 549 TOP: Applied OBJ: Legal-Rational Authority 12. Legal-rational authority is pervasive in modern society today. This is probably because: a. it means everyone is treated the same, based on clear and consistent procedures. b. it takes individual cases into consideration. c. it guarantees efficiency and fairness. d. it relies on tradition. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 549 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Legal-Rational Authority 13. Which of the following is NOT an example of a legal-rational institution? a. a family b. a prison c. a college d. a hospital ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 549 TOP: Applied OBJ: Legal-Rational Authority 14. In the context of authority, ____________ refers to the clear, rule-governed procedures used over and over again for decision making. a. rationalization b. specialization c. politics d. routinization ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 549 TOP: Factual OBJ: Routinization 15. Rationalization means that all steps to a process are decided with ____________ in mind. a. efficiency b. routinization c. flexibility d. rigidity ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 549 TOP: Factual OBJ: Rationalization 16. What term refers to a legal-rational organization or mode of administration that governs with reference to rules? a. meritocracy b. bureaucracy c. routinization d. rationalization ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 549 TOP: Factual OBJ: Bureaucracy 17. Bureaucracies have several defining characteristics. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a bureaucracy? a. Bureaucracies are individualistic and flexible. b. Bureaucracies are usually structured hierarchically. c. Bureaucratic positions are highly specialized. d. Bureaucracies are distinguished by their impersonality. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Pages 550–552 TOP: Factual OBJ: Bureaucracy 18. Weber described bureaucracies as the ____________ of modern life. a. prison b. monotony c. meritocracy d. iron cage ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 551 TOP: Factual OBJ: Bureaucracy 19. Promotions to higher levels within an idealized bureaucratic hierarchy based on achievement rather than personal attributes or favoritism refers to: a. charisma. b. Taylorism. c. meritocracy. d. specialization. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 551 TOP: Factual OBJ: Bureaucracy 20. The assembly line you might see in a factory that produces chocolate bars is an example of: a. Taylorism. b. traditional red tape. c. Fordism. d. coercion. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 550 TOP: Applied OBJ: Bureaucracy 21. In 1961, Stanley Milgram devised an experiment to measure: a. people’s individual social characteristics. b. how far ordinary people would go in obeying an authority figure. c. intelligence. d. social acceptance of people from different races. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Pages 552–553 TOP: Factual OBJ: Milgram Experiment 22. The Milgram experiment helped explain the actions of Nazis during the Holocaust because it showed that people: a. would obey authority figures without hesitation. b. reacted differently to chaos. c. reacted the same way to feeling threatened. d. previously had committed war crimes like the Holocaust. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 553 TOP: Factual OBJ: Milgram Experiment 23. Robert volunteers at the local animal shelter. After 10 days, abandoned animals are put to death. This distresses Robert and goes against his ethical beliefs, but because the manager of the shelter says he must, Robert participates in the euthanasia. This is an example of: a. charismatic authority. b. the paradox of authority. c. Taylorism. d. Milgram’s authority experiment. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Pages 552–553 TOP: Applied OBJ: Milgram Experiment 24. The opening story (Chapter 15) about Prince Roy’s purchase of the abandoned sea fort, Rough Towers, illustrates: a. a family’s success in becoming royalty. b. a struggle for independence and self-government. c. how to purchase oceanic property. d. a family’s bond while getting their son back from the Germans. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Pages 545–546 TOP: Factual OBJ: The State 25. The president vetoes a bill although there is disharmony among supporters. This is an example of: a. domination. b. control. c. power. d. authority. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Page 553 TOP: Applied OBJ: Power 26. What term refers to the ability to carry out one’s own will despite resistance? a. domination b. control c. authority d. power ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 553 TOP: Factual OBJ: Power 27. ____________ is defined by Weber as the probability that a command with a given specific content will be obeyed by a particular group of people. a. Domination b. Power c. Authority d. Control ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 554 TOP: Factual OBJ: Domination 28. Weber broke domination down into two types. What are they? a. control and authority b. authority and economic power c. economic power and political power d. control and economic power ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 554 TOP: Factual OBJ: Domination 29. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company was in a position to issue commands and dictate the price of oil to oil producers by virtue of its monopoly on oil refining. This is an example of: a. domination by authority. b. domination by power. c. domination by government. d. domination by economic power. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 554 TOP: Applied OBJ: Domination 30. Your deference to your parents and professors and to the laws of the U.S. government are examples of: a. domination by authority. b. domination by power. c. domination by government. d. domination by economic power. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 554 TOP: Applied OBJ: Domination 31. When a company dominates because it has a monopoly on the industry, this is called: a. domination by authority. b. domination by power. c. domination by government. d. domination by economic power. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 554 TOP: Applied OBJ: Domination 32. Domination by authority means that the ruled believe that their ideas are ____________ the ideas of the ruler. a. the same as b. less important than c. more important than d. different from ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 554 TOP: Factual OBJ: Domination 33. Weber believed that hidden under any system of domination by authority is the threat of: a. government. b. laws. c. violence. d. power. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 554 TOP: Factual OBJ: Domination 34. Although the state’s authority derives from the implicit threat of physical force, when the state resorts to physical coercion to enforce its will, all legitimate authority, or authority that does not use force to secure compliance, is lost. This would be an example of: a. legal coercion. b. the paradox of authority. c. government coercion. d. domination. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 555 TOP: Factual OBJ: Paradox of Authority 35. The paradox of authority means that as soon as a state uses force to enforce its rules, legitimate authority is lost because: a. people aren’t listening. b. people are living in fear. c. people lose faith. d. the force becomes more important than the state. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 555 TOP: Factual OBJ: Paradox of Authority 36. In the grocery store one day you spy a mother and her two unruly children. She consistently threatens that she is going to spank them when she gets them home. They ignore her threats. Finally, she swats one of them on the butt, making the other child laugh, suggesting that she has lost control of the situation. This could be called: a. coercion. b. idle threat. c. paradox of authority. d. Keynesian authority. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 555 TOP: Applied OBJ: Paradox of Authority 37. The relations among European states, such as Britain and France, led to the development of a system in which each state is recognized as territorially sovereign by fellow states. This is referred to as the: a. international state system. b. international continent system. c. international country system. d. international individuality. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 559 TOP: Factual OBJ: The International System of State 38. The ____________ means that each state tacitly agrees to mind its own business when it comes to the internal affairs of other sovereign countries as long as borders are respected. a. principle of interdependence b. principle of noninterference c. principle of respect d. principle of independence ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 559 TOP: Factual OBJ: The International System of States 39. Within the international community, an unwritten rule exists that neighboring states must first recognize a new state’s autonomy before: a. more distant ones will do so. b. it will be allowed on the map. c. it receives economic assistance. d. it will be able to have health care. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 557 TOP: Factual OBJ: The International System of States 40. Until places like Somalia are recognized by other states and international institutions such as the UN, they will remain: a. isolated from the world. b. in poverty. c. without economic help from the UN. d. self-proclaimed nation-states. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 556–557 TOP: Applied OBJ: Nation-State 41. After the period of rapid industrialization that began in the late-eighteenth century and culminated at the beginning of the twentieth century, many states began adopting various policies developed to meet social needs. This is referred to as: a. welfare. b. social policies. c. social insurance. d. social security. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 559 TOP: Factual OBJ: Welfare State 42. A prominent British economist postulated that government intervention, in the form of social expenditures, could pull the economy out of a recession by stimulating demand for products and services. This is referred to as: a. Keynesian economics. b. welfare. c. social services. d. economic recession. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 560 TOP: Factual OBJ: Welfare State 43. A system in which the state provides a number of key necessities, such as food, health care, and housing, outside the economic marketplace is referred to as: a. social policies. b. government assistance. c. a welfare state. d. state assistance. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 560 TOP: Factual OBJ: Welfare State 44. The theory of logic of industrialism states that ____________ cause(s) the needs that social welfare systems provide for. a. liberal policies b. industrialization c. contributory programs d. low wages ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 560–561 TOP: Factual OBJ: Welfare State 45. ____________ asks how democracy and capitalism can coexist and is concerned with explaining the contradictions between formal legal equality and the social class inequality. a. Weber’s authority theory b. Marxist social class theory c. Weber’s welfare theory d. neo-Marxist theory ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 561 TOP: Factual OBJ: Welfare State 46. According to the state-centered approach, a politician from West Virginia who pushes a bill to improve health benefits for miners would do so to improve his own: a. popularity. b. community service record. c. power. d. electoral votes. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 561 TOP: Applied OBJ: Welfare State 47. Three different theories explain how the welfare state developed. Which of the following is NOT one of these theories? a. Weber’s authoritarian theory b. logic of industrialism c. neo-Marxist theory d. state-centered approaches ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Pages 560–561 TOP: Factual OBJ: Welfare State 48. With industrialization, families were less able to rely on extended networks to help take care of children, the elderly, and those who were disabled. As a result the government intervened to take care of these people, creating a(n): a. international state. b. social state. c. welfare state. d. economic help system. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 560 TOP: Factual OBJ: Welfare State 49. Most people living within a state have certain rights as citizens of that nation, called: a. public rights. b. private rights. c. citizenship rights. d. social rights. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 562 TOP: Factual OBJ: Citizenship Rights 50. Sociologist T. H. Marshall discussed three types of citizenship rights. Which of the following is NOT one of these rights? a. social rights b. civil rights c. political rights d. individual rights ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 562 TOP: Factual OBJ: Citizenship Rights 51. ____________ guarantee a citizen’s personal freedom from interference, including freedom of speech and the right to travel freely. a. Civil rights b. Political rights c. Social rights d. Individual rights ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 562 TOP: Factual OBJ: Civil Rights 52. ____________ guarantee a citizen’s rights to participate in politics, including the right to vote and the right to hold an elected office. a. Civil rights b. Political rights c. Social rights d. Individual rights ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 562 TOP: Factual OBJ: Political Rights 53. Which kind of rights give the state the responsibility to interfere in its citizens’ lives? a. civil rights b. political rights c. social rights d. individual rights ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 562 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Rights 54. Social Security benefits in the United States are an example of: a. state-centered rights. b. the right to means-tested programs. c. the right to contributory programs. d. poverty-centered rights. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 562 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Rights 55. Social rights to public assistance, such as Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), are contingent on proof of insufficient financial resources. This is referred to as: a. citizenship rights. b. rights to means-tested programs. c. rights to contributory programs. d. individual rights. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 562 TOP: Applied OBJ: Social Rights 56. People living within a state have certain citizenship rights. For example, if you were to look for an apartment, you would be free to live in any neighborhood that you chose. These are a person’s: a. civil rights. b. political rights. c. social rights. d. welfare rights. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 562 TOP: Applied OBJ: Social Rights 57. Steven Lukes describes power as three-dimensional. Which of the following is NOT one of Lukes’s dimensions? a. Power is visible when different agendas clash, conflict results, and one side prevails. b. Power stems from a charismatic personality. c. Power is so formidable that resisting it seems pointless. d. Power is preventing conflict from arising in the first place. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Page 563 TOP: Factual OBJ: Power and Persuasion 58. During a presidential election, we ultimately end up with two choices. If we were to be presented with more choices, we would not end up with the top choice of most voters. This is known as Kenneth Arrow’s: a. impossibility theorem. b. state-centered political power. c. inherent contradiction between civil rights and political power. d. three dimensions of power. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Page 564 TOP: Factual OBJ: Power and Persuasion 59. You believe that you have received an unfair grade on a paper. You know that arguing with your professor would do little good. You leave the classroom and angrily throw the paper into the nearest trash can. Steven Lukes would call this the: a. first dimension of power. b. second dimension of power. c. third dimension of power. d. conflict dimension of power. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 563 TOP: Applied OBJ: Lukes’s Three-Dimensional Power 60. Soft power, or co-optive power, is a. getting others to do what you want by deception. b. getting others to do what you want by compromise. c. getting others to do what you want by bribing them. d. getting others to want what you want through attraction rather than coercion. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 567 TOP: Factual OBJ: Soft Power versus Hard Power 61. Hollywood films are often popular abroad and can be vehicles for some of the favored U.S. ideologies, such as free trade or democratic political institutions. In this case, attraction is used to influence external state actors. This is an example of: a. hard power. b. game theory. c. soft power. d. political deception. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 567 TOP: Applied OBJ: Soft Power versus Hard Power 62. During the Cold War, the United States tended to use hard power with regard to international relations. Joseph Nye, former Assistant Secretary of Defense, concludes that use of hard power in international politics today is: a. needed more than ever. b. needed when dealing with terrorists, but for more friendly countries, like Japan, we need to use soft power. c. no longer needed, especially because countries are economically dependent on each other. d. now outlawed by the Geneva Conventions. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Page 566 TOP: Applied OBJ: Soft Power versus Hard Power 63. A system of government wherein power theoretically lies with the people, and therefore citizens are allowed to vote in elections, speak freely, and participate as legal equals in social life, is referred to as: a. democracy. b. socialism. c. a dictatorship. d. communism. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 568 TOP: Applied OBJ: Dictatorship versus Democracy 64. Which of these is NOT a characteristic of dictatorships? a. limited suffrage b. property is inherited by the oldest son c. censored information d. disappearance of nonsubmissive citizens ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 568 TOP: Factual OBJ: Dictatorship versus Democracy 65. Barrington Moore hypothesized that some states end up as democracies and others become dictatorships because the fate of each nation is determined by the struggle: a. over authority. b. between social classes. c. over economic resources. d. between religious powers. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 568–569 TOP: Factual OBJ: Dictatorship versus Democracy 66. Even democracies tend to have authority figures. Without an agreed-upon authority figure, like a president, Thomas Hobbes suggests that we would have: a. a more democratic situation. b. more minority members in the elitist positions. c. chaos and violence. d. a dictatorship. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 567 TOP: Factual OBJ: Dictatorship versus Democracy 67. According to Hobbes, to achieve peace for ourselves and to avoid death, humans enter into ____________ and submit to an overarching sovereign authority charged with ensuring peace for everyone. a. a social contract b. a contract with God c. a contract with a priest d. a contract with the government ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 567 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Contract 68. According to John Locke, money is the reason individuals submit to: a. the law. b. the church. c. centralized authority. d. government figures. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Page 568 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Contract 69. A modern model to explain the variations in forms of government is the study of the strategic decisions actors make by taking stock of the options available to them and the other players in a “game.” This is referred to as: a. strategic warfare. b. chess. c. game theory d. government poker. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 569 TOP: Factual OBJ: Game Theory 70. The essence of game theory is that: a. the more people play, the more equal the outcome. b. the outcome for an actor depends on the choices of other actors. c. only the elite can play. d. rules vary depending on the social class of the players. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Page 569 TOP: Factual OBJ: Game Theory 71. According to Mancur Olson’s ideas on collective action, what groups are better equipped to get what they want? a. small b. coordinated c. powerful d. large ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Page 570 TOP: Factual OBJ: Collective Action 72. An organization that seeks to gain power in a government, generally by backing candidates for office who subscribe to the party platform, is referred to as: a. Congress. b. campaign managers. c. an interest group. d. a political party. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Page 573 TOP: Factual OBJ: Political Parties 73. ____________ groups gain power by trying to persuade elected officials to advocate for their agenda. a. Legislative b. Community c. Interest d. Political ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 573 TOP: Factual OBJ: Interest Groups 74. Which of the following is NOT an example of an interest group? a. trade unions representing the workers in particular job categories b. corporations lobbying to win a government contract c. single-issue groups seeking to affect a particular policy d. an individual needing social services ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 573 TOP: Applied OBJ: Interest Groups 75. Since the 1960s the United States has experienced what kind of shift in political participation? a. a decline b. a steady decline, then a sharp increase c. no shift d. an increase ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Page 573 TOP: Factual OBJ: Political Participation 76. The citizens who have the most to lose by not being politically active are the group most vulnerable to changing political and policy definitions of what constitutes a social right. Who makes up this group? a. the deserving poor b. the middle class c. elites d. white males ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 574–576 TOP: Applied OBJ: Political Participation 77. The civic voluntarism model points to three components to explain political participation or nonparticipation. Which of the following is NOT one of these components? a. political orientation b. race and ethnicity c. resources d. mobilization efforts ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Page 576 TOP: Factual OBJ: Political Participation 78. Piven and Cloward hold who/what responsible for the precipitous drop in political participation? a. legislature b. Congress c. president d. political elites ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Page 576 TOP: Factual OBJ: Political Participation 79. Why does Puerto Rico have higher voting rates than the United States? a. There is more incentive for them to vote. b. Non-voters are socially ostracized. c. Election Day is a holiday. d. Voting is mandatory. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Page 578 TOP: Factual OBJ: Political Participation Completion 1. To classify the kinds of legitimate authority or domination, Max Weber used three accounts of a ruler’s superiority and fitness to rule. These explanation are referred to as ____________. ANS: claims to legitimacy DIF: Difficult REF: Page 547 TOP: Factual OBJ: Claims to Authority 2. The first type of authority, ____________, rests on the personal appeal of an individual leader; the second type of authority, ____________, rests on appeals to the past or traditions; and the third type of authority, ____________, is based on legal, impersonal rules. ANS: charismatic authority; traditional authority; legal-rational authority DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 547–550 TOP: Factual OBJ: Claims to Authority 3. Because ____________ authority derives from the extraordinary attributes of a single individual, Weber anticipated that this form of legitimate authority would be particularly difficult to maintain or pass on. ANS: charismatic DIF: Easy REF: Pages 547–548 TOP: Factual OBJ: Charismatic Authority 4. Rules based on ____________ authority dominate “by virtue of age-old rules and power,” and leaders are “designated according to traditional rules and are obeyed because of their traditional status” (Weber, 1968). ANS: traditional DIF: Easy REF: Page 548 TOP: Factual OBJ: Traditional Authority 5. For the last 50 years, your family has gone to the same beach and eaten the same food on the Fourth of July. Most of the younger generation hates this whole “vacation,” but everyone continues to go anyway, because your parents say, “This is what we’ve always done.” This is known as ____________ authority. ANS: traditional DIF: Easy REF: Page 548 TOP: Applied OBJ: Traditional Authority 6. ____________ authority is highly routinized, based on a standard, regular procedure. ANS: Legal-rational DIF: Moderate REF: Page 549 TOP: Factual OBJ: Legal-Rational Authority 7. Let’s say you need a particular course to fulfill a requirement, but the course is full. You stand in a long line to beg for permission to enroll but are told by the registrar that no favors are allowed because “that is the rule.” This is an example of red tape, or ____________. ANS: bureaucracy DIF: Easy REF: Pages 549–550 TOP: Applied OBJ: Bureaucracy 8. Along an assembly line, one worker might insert screws, the next worker might tighten the screws, the third worker might insert screws, the fourth worker might tighten the screws, and the final worker might cover the screws with plastic wrap. This is an example of ____________. ANS: Taylorism DIF: Moderate REF: Page 550 TOP: Applied OBJ: Bureaucracy 9. Promotions to higher levels within an idealized bureaucratic hierarchy based on achievement, not personal attributes or favoritism, make a bureaucracy a(n) ____________. ANS: meritocracy DIF: Moderate REF: Page 551 TOP: Factual OBJ: Bureaucracy 10. In the Milgram experiment, psychologists estimated that fewer than 10% would continue to shock, but ____________ % of the research subjects obeyed instructions and continued to shock the learner to the maximum voltage level. ANS: more than 50 DIF: Easy REF: Page 553 TOP: Factual OBJ: Milgram Experiment 11. The Milgram experiment was a good way to illustrate ____________. ANS: obedience to authority DIF: Easy REF: Page 553 TOP: Applied OBJ: Milgram Experiment 12. You have a job that pays you a very high salary. You are happy in that job because of the money involved, but don’t agree with the policies set by those in power (the CEO). You obey these policies, however, due to the ____________ power those over you have. ANS: economic DIF: Easy REF: Page 554 TOP: Applied OBJ: Economic Power 13. A(n) ____________ usually provides a number of key necessities, such as food, health care, and housing, outside the economic marketplace. ANS: welfare state DIF: Easy REF: Page 560 TOP: Factual OBJ: Welfare State 14. In order to serve the interests of the rich owners of the means of production, the welfare state “buys off” the workers by providing necessities and a degree of economic security. This view of the development of the welfare state is from ____________ theory. ANS: neo-Marxist DIF: Easy REF: Page 561 TOP: Factual OBJ: Welfare State 15. Your state representative is working to create more Head Start programs in your area of the state. This will benefit your child, but it will also ensure the representative that he or she will be reelected at the next election. This is known as the ____________ to the development of a welfare state. ANS: state-centered approach DIF: Difficult REF: Page 561 TOP: Applied OBJ: Welfare State 16. Right to public assistance may be divided into two categories. If you are receiving AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children), you are in the ____________ category. ANS: rights to means-tested program DIF: Moderate REF: Page 562 TOP: Applied OBJ: Social Rights 17. You are finally at the age of retirement. You have plans to travel the world as soon as your Social Security checks begin. You are receiving the ____________ type of public assistance. ANS: right to contributory programs DIF: Moderate REF: Page 562 TOP: Applied OBJ: Social Rights 18. The ____________ states that there is no system of voting that will consistently yield the top choice of the most voters when there are more than two alternatives. ANS: impossibility theorem DIF: Moderate REF: Page 564 TOP: Factual OBJ: Power and Persuasion 19. The U.S. choice in 2003 to force political change in Iraq by overthrowing Saddam Hussein’s regime and trying to squelch the resulting insurgency is an example of ____________ power. ANS: hard DIF: Moderate REF: Page 566 TOP: Factual OBJ: Soft Power versus Hard Power 20. More and more people want to adopt the norms of American life, wearing our jeans, modeling our lifestyles, and eating our foods. This means that the United States is gaining more and more ____________ power. By making American life attractive and entertaining via films, we are persuading, rather than coercing, power. ANS: soft DIF: Moderate REF: Page 567 TOP: Applied OBJ: Soft Power versus Hard Power 21. Robert Michels called a form of government in which power lies with a small group of leaders the “iron law of oligarchy.” Another word for this would be a ____________. ANS: dictatorship DIF: Difficult REF: Page 571 TOP: Factual OBJ: Collective Action 22. In the United States, legal authority is split among three branches of the government. The Office of the President is known as the ____________ branch. ANS: executive DIF: Easy REF: Page 572 TOP: Factual OBJ: Politics 23. You have just been selected to be a member of the Supreme Court. This means you will be a member of the ____________ branch of government. ANS: judicial DIF: Easy REF: Page 572 TOP: Applied OBJ: Politics 24. One reason the United States is split among three branches of government is to ensure that each branch performs a____________ ANS: “check and balance” on the other two. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 572 TOP: Factual OBJ: Politics 25. Of the two major U.S. political parties, the ____________ is thought of as liberal, whereas the ____________ is considered conservative. ANS: Democratic party; Republican party DIF: Easy REF: Page 573 TOP: Factual OBJ: Political Parties 26. The U.S. Peanut Union is lobbying at the House of Representatives so that laws will be passed to benefit its cause. This organization is known as a(n) ____________. ANS: interest group DIF: Easy REF: Page 573 TOP: Applied OBJ: Interest Groups 27. Sociologists have consistently found striking disparities in rates and types of political participation across social groups. For example, voter turnout is much lower among the ___________ than among the ___________. ANS: poor; financially well-off DIF: Easy REF: Pages 573–578 TOP: Factual OBJ: Political Participation 28. Two reasons that people don’t vote are ____________ and ____________. ANS: 1) voter “rights” 2) day of week elections are held 3) lack of same-day registration 4) transportation 5) lack of access to voting places 6) felon disenfranchisement DIF: Easy REF: Pages 573–578 TOP: Applied OBJ: Political Participation 29. The more likely a person is to be anti- or pro-“something,” the more likely it is he or she will ____________. ANS: be politically active. DIF: Easy REF: Page 576 TOP: Factual OBJ: Political Participation 30. Let’s say you are mailing out flyers for your candidate in the morning and making phone calls to elicit votes in the evening. You are participating in ____________. ANS: mobilization efforts DIF: Medium REF: Page 576 TOP: Applied OBJ: Political Participation Essay 1. Define power, domination, domination by economic power, and domination by authority. Give examples of each. 2. Describe Max Weber’s three accounts of a ruler’s “superiority and fitness to rule.” Give examples of each. 3. Define bureaucracy and its five characteristics. Give examples of each characteristic. How did Max Weber describe bureaucracies? 4. Bureaucracies are known as impersonal entities. This can be positive or negative. Give examples of both. 5. Max Weber felt that bureaucracies were necessary and inevitable in the modern world, but at the same time he felt there were many negative aspects of them. What did Weber mean when he said a bureaucracy is an “iron cage” in modern life? Give an example of how a bureaucracy has “parceled-out your soul.” 6. Describe and explain the Milgram experiment. What were the researchers trying to measure? What did this experiment help to explain? 7. Explain why Weber’s definition of state does not fit many African states. 8. Define and explain in detail the state’s role in developing social policies. Define and explain a welfare state. 9. Define the three theories—logic of industrialism, neo-Marxist theory, and state-centered approaches—that explain how and why the welfare state developed. 10. When Europeans came to North America, they were confronted by Native Americans. Because they wanted control and power over this population, Europeans told the Native Americans that they would take care of them by placing them in reservations in return for their land. What type of theory explains this type of welfare state? 11. Steven Lukes uses a three-dimensional model to elaborate on Weber’s definition of power. Describe and explain Lukes’s three dimensions using examples. 12. Compare and contrast hard power and soft power using examples 13. Define and compare democracies and dictatorships. Explain why some states end up as democracies and others become dictatorships. 14. The United States is known as a democracy. We have a system of government where power lies with the people because we vote in elections, speak freely, and participate as legal equals in social life. Define dictatorship, and how might you describe the United States as a dictatorship.

Sociology: Chapter 16 Religion. 100% Verified Chapter 16 Religion Multiple Choice 1. A paradox about religion discussed in your text is that: a. Religions that are more demanding of their followers grow faster than less strict religions, but as a religion grows larger, it tends to become less strict. b. Religions that are more demanding grow very slowly, yet their members are more strongly attached to the religion, so it is a more powerful social force. c. Religions that are less demanding grow quickly, but their members are less committed, so they are not a powerful social force. d. Religions that are less demanding grow very slowly, but since their membership changes quite quickly, it seems as if they have many followers. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 583 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 2. Defined broadly, religion is: a. holy and special practices to help individuals become closer to God. b. a set of shared stories, beliefs, and practices about sacred things that guide beliefs and behaviors. c. an individual’s way of making sense of the world. d. the opium of the masses. DIF: Easy REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 3. The sacred realm is: a. special, reserved, set apart from everyday use, unknowable, and mystical. b. make-believe. c. special and reserved, but incorporated into everyday life. d. mundane. DIF: Easy REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 4. Objects and behaviors that are profane are: a. part of everyday life. b. objectionable. c. able to inspire awe in people. d. unnatural. DIF: Easy REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 5. Maria and Steve are on summer vacation in Greece. They want to go into an old church to view the artwork inside, but before they are allowed to enter the church, a volunteer church worker asks them both to cover their bare legs and arms and provides them with coverings. This example illustrates: a. how supernatural beliefs of one group can affect the lives of others. b. how the sacred and profane mix easily. c. how religious believers can be intolerant of the way other people live. d. how places considered sacred are often protected and set apart from what is considered profane. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 585 TOP: Applied OBJ: Religion 6. Sacred things can include books, buildings, days, and places. From a sociological standpoint, the sacredness comes from: a. the item itself. b. the symbolic meaning created from the collective investment of community. c. the meaning God gave to the object. d. holy scriptures. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 7. Theism is ____________; examples of it include ____________. a. the belief in a difference between the sacred and the profane; holy books and holy water b. the belief that spirits are present in the natural world; totemism and shamanism c. the adherence to ethical principles; Taoism and Buddhism d. the worship of a god or gods; Hinduism and Islam DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 8. Ethicalism is ____________; examples of it are ____________. a. the belief in a difference between the sacred and the profane; holy books and holy water b. the belief that spirits are present in the natural world; totemism and shamanism c. the adherence to ethical principles in order to live a moral life; Taoism and Buddhism d. the worship of a god or gods; Hinduism and Islam DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 9. Animism is ____________; examples of it are ____________. a. the belief in a difference between the sacred and the profane; holy books and holy water b. the belief that spirits are present in the natural world; totemism and shamanism c. the adherence to ethical principles in order to live a moral life; Taoism and Buddhism d. the worship of a god or gods; Hinduism and Islam DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 10. A ____________ is a group of people who get together for worship. a. denomination b. religion c. church d. congregation DIF: Easy REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 11. Approximately what percentage of people in the world identify themselves as Christian? a. 15% b. 25% c. 33% d. 50% DIF: Moderate REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 12. The second-largest religion in the world and in the United States is: a. Hinduism. b. Protestantism. c. Catholicism. d. Islam. DIF: Easy REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 13. The ____________ population of the United States has grown since the 1960s due to immigration from countries like Indonesia, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, along with countries in the Middle East. a. Hindu b. Muslim c. secular d. fundamentalist DIF: Moderate REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 14. As is the case within Christianity, denominational divisions exist within Islam. The main division is between which two groups? a. Sunnis and Shiites b. Islamists and Islamic fundamentalists c. Muslims and Islamists d. secularists and fundamentalists DIF: Moderate REF: Page 588 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 15. Buddists adhere to certain principles to lead a moral life. This is called: a. animism. b. theism. c. ethicalism. d. pluralism. DIF: Easy REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 16. Christianity would be called a(n) ____________ religion. a. animistic b. ethicalist c. pluralistic d. theistic DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Applied OBJ: Religion 17. All religions began as: a. denominations. b. cults. c. animism. d. civil religions. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 620 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 18. Civil religion is: a. a set of laws that reinforce religious freedoms. b. a set of sacred beliefs that become so commonly accepted by most people that they become part of a national culture. c. the veneration of respected political leaders (such as the founders of a nation) to the status of prophets or saints. d. when laws are believed in so fully that people begin to treat them as if they are sacred. DIF: Easy REF: Page 584 TOP: Factual OBJ: Civil Religion 19. Which of the following is an example of civil religion? a. laws that forbid employers to ask about a job applicant’s religion b. movements to abolish the death penalty c. national holidays such as Washington’s birthday and Martin Luther King Day d. when political leaders end speeches with the phrase “God bless America” DIF: Moderate REF: Page 584 TOP: Applied OBJ: Civil Religion 20. The United States is a pluralist country. The one thing that might hold it together is the idea of a common patriotism. This could be called: a. theism. b. animism. c. a sacred canopy. d. a civil religion. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 584 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Civil Religion 21. Which question is a sociologist of religion most likely to ask? a. “Which religion offers the most access to universal truths?” b. “How are religious beliefs patterned by social forces?” c. “What is the individual’s experience of faith and religion?” d. “Does God exist?” DIF: Difficult REF: Page 585 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sociology of Religion 22. Which of the following statements is least likely to be made by a sociologist? a. “Religious beliefs and practices are a method of social organization.” b. “Only monotheistic religions are real religions.” c. “Religion is a powerful mechanism of social control.” d. “Religion can be a conservative force that prevents groups of people from recognizing their oppression and subordination.” DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Sociology of Religion 23. To understand the role of religion in people’s lives and how individuals value and experience their faiths, which type of sociological approach should we adopt? a. microsociology b. mesosociology c. macrosociology d. all of the above DIF: Moderate REF: Page 603 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sociology of Religion 24. Which of the following is NOT a way that sociologists study religion? a. exploring the ways people use religion to make sense of scientific discoveries b. understanding the purposes religion serves for individuals and societies c. examining why people are attracted to certain religions d. determining which religions possess and profess absolute truths DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 602–604 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Religion 25. Peter Berger stated that religion shapes our social world, but at the same time, it is influenced by our social world. This, he noted, is a: a. contradiction. b. dialectical relationship. c. pluralistic notion. d. civil religion. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Religion 26. Today, sociologists tend to study religion from a ____________ perspective. This allows them to look at everyday human interactions, practices, and beliefs on a small scale. a. microsociology b. macrosociology c. middle-range theory d. neo-Marxist DIF: Difficult REF: Page 602 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Religion 27. Karl Marx referred to religion as the “opium of the masses.” By this, he meant which of the following statements? a. Some people can become hooked on religion like others become addicted to drugs like opium. b. Some people sell religion to others like a commodity or a drug. c. Religion pacifies people with promises of the afterlife; as a result, they are not troubled by social inequalities. d. Religion keeps people pacified with promises of rewards in the afterlife; therefore, they do not challenge the subjugating, exploitative, and alienating social conditions in this life. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 589 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Conflict Theory 28. Evidence to support the conflict perspective of religion comes from all of the following EXCEPT: a. In the caste system in India, people were born into statuses that determined their life chances. This system was thought to be the natural way of the world and ordained by the gods. b. African American churches have been sources of social support, social networking, and political activism, as well as providing congregants with a haven from their marginalized place in society. c. Christianity in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was used as a justification for imperialist expansion into non-Christian counties. d. Evangelical Christian women are less likely to work outside the home, tend to marry earlier, and have more children than nonevangelical women. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 590 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Conflict Theory 29. Scholars have criticized Marx’s notions about religion, specifically its failure to: a. take religion seriously. b. account for the social support function served by religion. c. explain the relationship between religion and the development of capitalism. d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 590 TOP: Factual OBJ: Conflict Theory 30. In what way are the conclusions of Weber and Marx similar? a. To Weber, religion was central to the development of capitalism; to Marx, capitalism would crumble if people stopped believing in God. b. To Weber, religion was a fundamental and permanent part of human societies; to Marx, religion was necessary to maintain stratification. c. To Weber, people in the modern world are trapped in the iron cage; to Marx, people in the modern world are alienated. d. To Weber, the modern world is full of faithful people who are high on religion; to Marx, religion is like a drug. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 592–593 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Conflict Theory | Max Weber on Religion 31. According to Marx, one of the ways a factory owner (capitalist) would control his workers (proletariats) would be through religion. This was done by: a. teaching the workers that they would reap their reward in the afterlife. b. locking them in church unless they were on the assembly line. c. keeping them so busy with church activities they didn’t have time to form a rebellion. d. teaching them that they were unworthy of earthly pleasures. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 589–590 TOP: Applied OBJ: Conflict Theory 32. Weber wondered how ____________ entered the modern world when the premodern worldview was governed by ____________. a. tradition; irrationality b. faith; reason c. capitalism; feudalism d. rationality; tradition DIF: Difficult REF: Page 591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 33. Weber likened the history of society to a train, and ideas to the switchmen of the tracks. What does this mean? a. Ideas can be powerful forces to create change and alter the course of history when they are believed by enough people at the right time. b. Ideas control the actions of people and can stop the progress of society. c. Ideas control the materialistic human urge to hoard wealth, much like a train will speed out of control if not slowed down. d. Ideas control the basic human urge toward individualism by keeping people in the same society moving down the same track together. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 593 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 34. Max Weber wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. In this work he proposed that modern societies were moving from tradition or habit to a. rationality. b. atheism. c. magic. d. Buddhism. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 35. Max Weber visited the United States in 1904. He was greatly influenced by: a. George Washington. b. inner-city life. c. Benjamin Franklin. d. agricultural life. DIF: Easy REF: Page 591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 36. Weber’s idea that Protestantism was the most important driving force behind the spread of capitalism was contested by Daniel Chirot (1985), who said it wasn’t the development of Protestantism that influenced the spread of capitalism, but the major impetus was: a. geography. b. family form. c. belief in magic. d. movement toward equality. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 593 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 37. According to Max Weber, in order to understand what drives social action, we must try to understand what meanings social realities have for others. This is called which of the following? a. symbolic realism b. schadenfreude c. Verstehen d. gestalt DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 590–591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Verstehen 38. According to Weber, which religion was a necessary condition for the development of capitalism? a. Catholicism b. Protestantism c. Hinduism d. Judaism DIF: Easy REF: Page 591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Protestant Ethic 39. Calvinists believed that their souls were selected for salvation before birth. This is known as: a. rationality. b. self-sacrifice. c. predestination. d. faith. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 592 TOP: Factual OBJ: Protestant Ethic 40. The idea that you are preselected by God for salvation is one of the basic tenets behind: a. Judaism. b. Buddhism. c. feudalism. d. Protestantism. DIF: Easy REF: Page 592 TOP: Factual OBJ: Protestant Ethic 41. According to Durkheim, religion is created by ____________, and religious expressions represent ____________. a. hardship; delusions b. a higher being; the will of God c. sacred power; individual desires d. social interaction; collective realities DIF: Difficult REF: Page 594 TOP: Factual OBJ: Émile Durkheim on Religion 42. Which of the following statements is NOT one that reflects Durkheim’s thoughts about religion? a. Sacred objects have power and meaning because individuals collectively invest the power and meaning in the symbols. b. Because of tension between different religious groups in pluralistic societies, religion undermines social unity. c. When people conform to the rules of their religion, they are conforming to the moral authority of their society. d. We need to look at the functions that religion serves in order to understand how religion develops. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 594–595 TOP: Applied OBJ: Émile Durkheim on Religion 43. Durkheim felt that one of the major functions of religion was that it perpetuates: a. sexism. b. racism. c. solidarity. d. inequality. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 594 TOP: Factual OBJ: Émile Durkheim on Religion 44. Which of the following is an example of how social solidarity and collective conscience function? a. Jake attends school in a racially and ethnically diverse city. It is difficult to find many social norms that all of the students share, but most say they believe in God. b. Zara is a Jewish girl who attends a Catholic school, not for religious reasons but for the quality of the education. Despite this difference, she feels accepted by most of her peers. c. Max attends a church youth group regularly. Because he is active in group-sponsored activities and has been socialized to the norms of this group, he is less likely to spend time with peers who may engage in deviant activities. d. Moira’s religion teaches that it is wrong to have premarital sex, so when she becomes sexually active, she hides it from her friends and family. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 595 TOP: Applied OBJ: Social Solidarity 45. Research has shown that religious attendance and affiliation are inversely correlated with alcohol, tobacco, and drug use. Which of the following is a valid conclusion of this? a. Religion causes people to have positive behavioral outcomes. b. People who are less likely to smoke, drink alcohol, and use drugs are more drawn to religion. c. Healthy lifestyles are closer to the will of God. d. We cannot determine if religion causes healthy lifestyles or if some other factor predisposes healthy behavior and religion. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 595 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Solidarity 46. The trend in industrial nations toward a separation between church and state, a belief in rationality and science, and the movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief is known as: a. rationality b. modernity c. blasphemy d. secularism DIF: Moderate REF: Page 588 TOP: Factual OBJ: Secularization 47. Secularization is: a. the process by which a religious group becomes seen as a fringe group that deviates from the main teachings and doctrines of a church. b. the transformation of a society away from religion and toward a separation of religious and social institutions such as politics, the economy, and the family. c. the confinement of religious interests to narrow and specific tenets, rather than an acceptance of all parts of religious doctrine. d. none of the above. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 596 TOP: Factual OBJ: Secularization 48. Which of the following is NOT an example of secularization? a. Mark and Tessa seek premarital counseling from a therapist rather than a member of the clergy. b. Crosses are used for decoration and worn as fashion accessories. c. The government announces a number of faith-based initiatives for the provision of social services. d. In France, students are forbidden to wear religious items while at school. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 596 TOP: Applied OBJ: Secularization 49. During the 1960s some social scientists touted the secularization theory. This theory predicted: a. an increase in the number of people calling themselves religious. b. that the influence of religion would be diminished in the coming years. c. the United States moving toward one mono-religion. d. a decrease in people attending services, but an increase in the number of people believing in God. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 596 TOP: Factual OBJ: Secularizaton 50. Peter Berger wrote, in the 1960s, that the world was becoming more secular. Recently he wrote that: a. he was wrong, and most of the world today is certainly religious. b. rather than becoming more secular, the world is becoming more solidified. c. capitalism is responsible for the lack of religion still found today. d. rather than becoming more secular, most of the world has a new religion called atheism. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 600 TOP: Factual OBJ: Secularization 51. What is pluralism? a. the presence and coexistence of many different groups within one society b. tolerance for other beliefs and making sense of the world, but recognizing that there is only one right way to live c. the reduction of all social processes and structures to a single theoretical explanation d. the tensions that arise when there are multiple religious groups within an increasingly secular society DIF: Difficult REF: Page 596 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Pluralism 52. In the 1960s, Peter Berger wrote that pluralism would cause a ____________ in which religion would lose its legitimacy, as the ____________ would come apart. The result would be psychological malaise and a loss of meaning to life. a. secularization of society; tenets of faith b. diversity of belief structures; society c. resurgence of faith; tenets of faith d. crisis of credibility; sacred canopy DIF: Difficult REF: Page 596 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Pluralism 53. Which of the following is NOT a central belief of evangelical Protestants? a. The Bible is without error. b. Salvation comes only through belief in Jesus. c. Conversion is not required to be saved. d. proselytism DIF: Moderate REF: Page 598 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Pluralism 54. A difference between evangelical Protestants and fundamentalist Christians is that: a. fundamentalists believe that the Bible should be taken literally; evangelicals do not. b. fundamentalists believe that we should engage with the world; evangelicals separate themselves from society. c. fundamentalists separate themselves from the world; evangelicals try to win converts by engaging with the world. d. fundamentalists are conservative Protestants; evangelicals are more liberal. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 598 TOP: Applied OBJ: Religious Pluralism 55. What percentage of Americans claim a religious affiliation? a. 11% b. 24% c. 65% d. 86% DIF: Moderate REF: Page 597 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Affiliation 56. With regard to people changing their religious affiliation, which of the following is TRUE? a. Nearly all Americans change their religious affiliation more than once during adulthood. b. There is more growth among conservative Protestant denominations; moderate and liberal denominations have lost members. c. Teenagers tend to feel less connected to religion once they have “shopped around” for a denomination. d. Religion shopping is less common among young adults than it is among middle-aged adults. DIF: Easy REF: Page 614 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Affiliation 57. When asked if they attend church services at least once a month, about 60% of Americans say they do. But when daily diaries of people’s activities are examined, rates of church attendance are much lower. This problem of self-reporting of positive behaviors is known within sociology as: a. guilt avoidance. b. social desirability bias. c. embarrassment avoidance. d. normative adherence. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 600 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Attendance 58. For some followers of religion, embodied practices make the religious experience feel more authentic and real. Which of the following is NOT an embodied practice? a. dancing b. breathing c. shaking hands d. beliefs DIF: Moderate REF: Page 603 TOP: Applied OBJ: Religious Experience 59. Some sociologists of religion, such as Kelly Besecke, study how people reconcile scientific knowledge with religious beliefs. Besecke found that American Christians practice “reflexive spirituality.” This means: a. that people automatically believe the central tenets of their religion, even if they are at odds with science. b. that people begin to see the spirit world as involved in making human life possible. c. that people look to religion to provide meaning, wisdom, and profound thought rather than absolute truths about the way the world works. d. that people experience cognitive dissonance when it comes to science and belief. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 603 TOP: Factual OBJ: Reflexive Spirituality 60. Which of the following features was NOT part of the social context of early nineteenth-century America, a time when religious faiths were becoming networks for social change? a. rapid population growth b. new communications infrastructure c. strong national institutions d. market expansion DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 604–605 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion Chapter 16 Religion Multiple Choice 1. A paradox about religion discussed in your text is that: a. Religions that are more demanding of their followers grow faster than less strict religions, but as a religion grows larger, it tends to become less strict. b. Religions that are more demanding grow very slowly, yet their members are more strongly attached to the religion, so it is a more powerful social force. c. Religions that are less demanding grow quickly, but their members are less committed, so they are not a powerful social force. d. Religions that are less demanding grow very slowly, but since their membership changes quite quickly, it seems as if they have many followers. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 583 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 2. Defined broadly, religion is: a. holy and special practices to help individuals become closer to God. b. a set of shared stories, beliefs, and practices about sacred things that guide beliefs and behaviors. c. an individual’s way of making sense of the world. d. the opium of the masses. DIF: Easy REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 3. The sacred realm is: a. special, reserved, set apart from everyday use, unknowable, and mystical. b. make-believe. c. special and reserved, but incorporated into everyday life. d. mundane. DIF: Easy REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 4. Objects and behaviors that are profane are: a. part of everyday life. b. objectionable. c. able to inspire awe in people. d. unnatural. DIF: Easy REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 5. Maria and Steve are on summer vacation in Greece. They want to go into an old church to view the artwork inside, but before they are allowed to enter the church, a volunteer church worker asks them both to cover their bare legs and arms and provides them with coverings. This example illustrates: a. how supernatural beliefs of one group can affect the lives of others. b. how the sacred and profane mix easily. c. how religious believers can be intolerant of the way other people live. d. how places considered sacred are often protected and set apart from what is considered profane. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 585 TOP: Applied OBJ: Religion 6. Sacred things can include books, buildings, days, and places. From a sociological standpoint, the sacredness comes from: a. the item itself. b. the symbolic meaning created from the collective investment of community. c. the meaning God gave to the object. d. holy scriptures. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 7. Theism is ____________; examples of it include ____________. a. the belief in a difference between the sacred and the profane; holy books and holy water b. the belief that spirits are present in the natural world; totemism and shamanism c. the adherence to ethical principles; Taoism and Buddhism d. the worship of a god or gods; Hinduism and Islam DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 8. Ethicalism is ____________; examples of it are ____________. a. the belief in a difference between the sacred and the profane; holy books and holy water b. the belief that spirits are present in the natural world; totemism and shamanism c. the adherence to ethical principles in order to live a moral life; Taoism and Buddhism d. the worship of a god or gods; Hinduism and Islam DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 9. Animism is ____________; examples of it are ____________. a. the belief in a difference between the sacred and the profane; holy books and holy water b. the belief that spirits are present in the natural world; totemism and shamanism c. the adherence to ethical principles in order to live a moral life; Taoism and Buddhism d. the worship of a god or gods; Hinduism and Islam DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 10. A ____________ is a group of people who get together for worship. a. denomination b. religion c. church d. congregation DIF: Easy REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 11. Approximately what percentage of people in the world identify themselves as Christian? a. 15% b. 25% c. 33% d. 50% DIF: Moderate REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 12. The second-largest religion in the world and in the United States is: a. Hinduism. b. Protestantism. c. Catholicism. d. Islam. DIF: Easy REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 13. The ____________ population of the United States has grown since the 1960s due to immigration from countries like Indonesia, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, along with countries in the Middle East. a. Hindu b. Muslim c. secular d. fundamentalist DIF: Moderate REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 14. As is the case within Christianity, denominational divisions exist within Islam. The main division is between which two groups? a. Sunnis and Shiites b. Islamists and Islamic fundamentalists c. Muslims and Islamists d. secularists and fundamentalists DIF: Moderate REF: Page 588 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 15. Buddists adhere to certain principles to lead a moral life. This is called: a. animism. b. theism. c. ethicalism. d. pluralism. DIF: Easy REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 16. Christianity would be called a(n) ____________ religion. a. animistic b. ethicalist c. pluralistic d. theistic DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Applied OBJ: Religion 17. All religions began as: a. denominations. b. cults. c. animism. d. civil religions. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 620 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 18. Civil religion is: a. a set of laws that reinforce religious freedoms. b. a set of sacred beliefs that become so commonly accepted by most people that they become part of a national culture. c. the veneration of respected political leaders (such as the founders of a nation) to the status of prophets or saints. d. when laws are believed in so fully that people begin to treat them as if they are sacred. DIF: Easy REF: Page 584 TOP: Factual OBJ: Civil Religion 19. Which of the following is an example of civil religion? a. laws that forbid employers to ask about a job applicant’s religion b. movements to abolish the death penalty c. national holidays such as Washington’s birthday and Martin Luther King Day d. when political leaders end speeches with the phrase “God bless America” DIF: Moderate REF: Page 584 TOP: Applied OBJ: Civil Religion 20. The United States is a pluralist country. The one thing that might hold it together is the idea of a common patriotism. This could be called: a. theism. b. animism. c. a sacred canopy. d. a civil religion. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 584 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Civil Religion 21. Which question is a sociologist of religion most likely to ask? a. “Which religion offers the most access to universal truths?” b. “How are religious beliefs patterned by social forces?” c. “What is the individual’s experience of faith and religion?” d. “Does God exist?” DIF: Difficult REF: Page 585 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sociology of Religion 22. Which of the following statements is least likely to be made by a sociologist? a. “Religious beliefs and practices are a method of social organization.” b. “Only monotheistic religions are real religions.” c. “Religion is a powerful mechanism of social control.” d. “Religion can be a conservative force that prevents groups of people from recognizing their oppression and subordination.” DIF: Moderate REF: Page 586 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Sociology of Religion 23. To understand the role of religion in people’s lives and how individuals value and experience their faiths, which type of sociological approach should we adopt? a. microsociology b. mesosociology c. macrosociology d. all of the above DIF: Moderate REF: Page 603 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sociology of Religion 24. Which of the following is NOT a way that sociologists study religion? a. exploring the ways people use religion to make sense of scientific discoveries b. understanding the purposes religion serves for individuals and societies c. examining why people are attracted to certain religions d. determining which religions possess and profess absolute truths DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 602–604 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Religion 25. Peter Berger stated that religion shapes our social world, but at the same time, it is influenced by our social world. This, he noted, is a: a. contradiction. b. dialectical relationship. c. pluralistic notion. d. civil religion. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Religion 26. Today, sociologists tend to study religion from a ____________ perspective. This allows them to look at everyday human interactions, practices, and beliefs on a small scale. a. microsociology b. macrosociology c. middle-range theory d. neo-Marxist DIF: Difficult REF: Page 602 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Religion 27. Karl Marx referred to religion as the “opium of the masses.” By this, he meant which of the following statements? a. Some people can become hooked on religion like others become addicted to drugs like opium. b. Some people sell religion to others like a commodity or a drug. c. Religion pacifies people with promises of the afterlife; as a result, they are not troubled by social inequalities. d. Religion keeps people pacified with promises of rewards in the afterlife; therefore, they do not challenge the subjugating, exploitative, and alienating social conditions in this life. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 589 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Conflict Theory 28. Evidence to support the conflict perspective of religion comes from all of the following EXCEPT: a. In the caste system in India, people were born into statuses that determined their life chances. This system was thought to be the natural way of the world and ordained by the gods. b. African American churches have been sources of social support, social networking, and political activism, as well as providing congregants with a haven from their marginalized place in society. c. Christianity in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was used as a justification for imperialist expansion into non-Christian counties. d. Evangelical Christian women are less likely to work outside the home, tend to marry earlier, and have more children than nonevangelical women. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 590 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Conflict Theory 29. Scholars have criticized Marx’s notions about religion, specifically its failure to: a. take religion seriously. b. account for the social support function served by religion. c. explain the relationship between religion and the development of capitalism. d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 590 TOP: Factual OBJ: Conflict Theory 30. In what way are the conclusions of Weber and Marx similar? a. To Weber, religion was central to the development of capitalism; to Marx, capitalism would crumble if people stopped believing in God. b. To Weber, religion was a fundamental and permanent part of human societies; to Marx, religion was necessary to maintain stratification. c. To Weber, people in the modern world are trapped in the iron cage; to Marx, people in the modern world are alienated. d. To Weber, the modern world is full of faithful people who are high on religion; to Marx, religion is like a drug. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 592–593 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Conflict Theory | Max Weber on Religion 31. According to Marx, one of the ways a factory owner (capitalist) would control his workers (proletariats) would be through religion. This was done by: a. teaching the workers that they would reap their reward in the afterlife. b. locking them in church unless they were on the assembly line. c. keeping them so busy with church activities they didn’t have time to form a rebellion. d. teaching them that they were unworthy of earthly pleasures. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 589–590 TOP: Applied OBJ: Conflict Theory 32. Weber wondered how ____________ entered the modern world when the premodern worldview was governed by ____________. a. tradition; irrationality b. faith; reason c. capitalism; feudalism d. rationality; tradition DIF: Difficult REF: Page 591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 33. Weber likened the history of society to a train, and ideas to the switchmen of the tracks. What does this mean? a. Ideas can be powerful forces to create change and alter the course of history when they are believed by enough people at the right time. b. Ideas control the actions of people and can stop the progress of society. c. Ideas control the materialistic human urge to hoard wealth, much like a train will speed out of control if not slowed down. d. Ideas control the basic human urge toward individualism by keeping people in the same society moving down the same track together. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 593 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 34. Max Weber wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. In this work he proposed that modern societies were moving from tradition or habit to a. rationality. b. atheism. c. magic. d. Buddhism. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 35. Max Weber visited the United States in 1904. He was greatly influenced by: a. George Washington. b. inner-city life. c. Benjamin Franklin. d. agricultural life. DIF: Easy REF: Page 591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 36. Weber’s idea that Protestantism was the most important driving force behind the spread of capitalism was contested by Daniel Chirot (1985), who said it wasn’t the development of Protestantism that influenced the spread of capitalism, but the major impetus was: a. geography. b. family form. c. belief in magic. d. movement toward equality. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 593 TOP: Factual OBJ: Max Weber on Religion 37. According to Max Weber, in order to understand what drives social action, we must try to understand what meanings social realities have for others. This is called which of the following? a. symbolic realism b. schadenfreude c. Verstehen d. gestalt DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 590–591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Verstehen 38. According to Weber, which religion was a necessary condition for the development of capitalism? a. Catholicism b. Protestantism c. Hinduism d. Judaism DIF: Easy REF: Page 591 TOP: Factual OBJ: Protestant Ethic 39. Calvinists believed that their souls were selected for salvation before birth. This is known as: a. rationality. b. self-sacrifice. c. predestination. d. faith. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 592 TOP: Factual OBJ: Protestant Ethic 40. The idea that you are preselected by God for salvation is one of the basic tenets behind: a. Judaism. b. Buddhism. c. feudalism. d. Protestantism. DIF: Easy REF: Page 592 TOP: Factual OBJ: Protestant Ethic 41. According to Durkheim, religion is created by ____________, and religious expressions represent ____________. a. hardship; delusions b. a higher being; the will of God c. sacred power; individual desires d. social interaction; collective realities DIF: Difficult REF: Page 594 TOP: Factual OBJ: Émile Durkheim on Religion 42. Which of the following statements is NOT one that reflects Durkheim’s thoughts about religion? a. Sacred objects have power and meaning because individuals collectively invest the power and meaning in the symbols. b. Because of tension between different religious groups in pluralistic societies, religion undermines social unity. c. When people conform to the rules of their religion, they are conforming to the moral authority of their society. d. We need to look at the functions that religion serves in order to understand how religion develops. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 594–595 TOP: Applied OBJ: Émile Durkheim on Religion 43. Durkheim felt that one of the major functions of religion was that it perpetuates: a. sexism. b. racism. c. solidarity. d. inequality. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 594 TOP: Factual OBJ: Émile Durkheim on Religion 44. Which of the following is an example of how social solidarity and collective conscience function? a. Jake attends school in a racially and ethnically diverse city. It is difficult to find many social norms that all of the students share, but most say they believe in God. b. Zara is a Jewish girl who attends a Catholic school, not for religious reasons but for the quality of the education. Despite this difference, she feels accepted by most of her peers. c. Max attends a church youth group regularly. Because he is active in group-sponsored activities and has been socialized to the norms of this group, he is less likely to spend time with peers who may engage in deviant activities. d. Moira’s religion teaches that it is wrong to have premarital sex, so when she becomes sexually active, she hides it from her friends and family. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 595 TOP: Applied OBJ: Social Solidarity 45. Research has shown that religious attendance and affiliation are inversely correlated with alcohol, tobacco, and drug use. Which of the following is a valid conclusion of this? a. Religion causes people to have positive behavioral outcomes. b. People who are less likely to smoke, drink alcohol, and use drugs are more drawn to religion. c. Healthy lifestyles are closer to the will of God. d. We cannot determine if religion causes healthy lifestyles or if some other factor predisposes healthy behavior and religion. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 595 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Solidarity 46. The trend in industrial nations toward a separation between church and state, a belief in rationality and science, and the movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief is known as: a. rationality b. modernity c. blasphemy d. secularism DIF: Moderate REF: Page 588 TOP: Factual OBJ: Secularization 47. Secularization is: a. the process by which a religious group becomes seen as a fringe group that deviates from the main teachings and doctrines of a church. b. the transformation of a society away from religion and toward a separation of religious and social institutions such as politics, the economy, and the family. c. the confinement of religious interests to narrow and specific tenets, rather than an acceptance of all parts of religious doctrine. d. none of the above. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 596 TOP: Factual OBJ: Secularization 48. Which of the following is NOT an example of secularization? a. Mark and Tessa seek premarital counseling from a therapist rather than a member of the clergy. b. Crosses are used for decoration and worn as fashion accessories. c. The government announces a number of faith-based initiatives for the provision of social services. d. In France, students are forbidden to wear religious items while at school. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 596 TOP: Applied OBJ: Secularization 49. During the 1960s some social scientists touted the secularization theory. This theory predicted: a. an increase in the number of people calling themselves religious. b. that the influence of religion would be diminished in the coming years. c. the United States moving toward one mono-religion. d. a decrease in people attending services, but an increase in the number of people believing in God. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 596 TOP: Factual OBJ: Secularizaton 50. Peter Berger wrote, in the 1960s, that the world was becoming more secular. Recently he wrote that: a. he was wrong, and most of the world today is certainly religious. b. rather than becoming more secular, the world is becoming more solidified. c. capitalism is responsible for the lack of religion still found today. d. rather than becoming more secular, most of the world has a new religion called atheism. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 600 TOP: Factual OBJ: Secularization 51. What is pluralism? a. the presence and coexistence of many different groups within one society b. tolerance for other beliefs and making sense of the world, but recognizing that there is only one right way to live c. the reduction of all social processes and structures to a single theoretical explanation d. the tensions that arise when there are multiple religious groups within an increasingly secular society DIF: Difficult REF: Page 596 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Pluralism 52. In the 1960s, Peter Berger wrote that pluralism would cause a ____________ in which religion would lose its legitimacy, as the ____________ would come apart. The result would be psychological malaise and a loss of meaning to life. a. secularization of society; tenets of faith b. diversity of belief structures; society c. resurgence of faith; tenets of faith d. crisis of credibility; sacred canopy DIF: Difficult REF: Page 596 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Pluralism 53. Which of the following is NOT a central belief of evangelical Protestants? a. The Bible is without error. b. Salvation comes only through belief in Jesus. c. Conversion is not required to be saved. d. proselytism DIF: Moderate REF: Page 598 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Pluralism 54. A difference between evangelical Protestants and fundamentalist Christians is that: a. fundamentalists believe that the Bible should be taken literally; evangelicals do not. b. fundamentalists believe that we should engage with the world; evangelicals separate themselves from society. c. fundamentalists separate themselves from the world; evangelicals try to win converts by engaging with the world. d. fundamentalists are conservative Protestants; evangelicals are more liberal. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 598 TOP: Applied OBJ: Religious Pluralism 55. What percentage of Americans claim a religious affiliation? a. 11% b. 24% c. 65% d. 86% DIF: Moderate REF: Page 597 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Affiliation 56. With regard to people changing their religious affiliation, which of the following is TRUE? a. Nearly all Americans change their religious affiliation more than once during adulthood. b. There is more growth among conservative Protestant denominations; moderate and liberal denominations have lost members. c. Teenagers tend to feel less connected to religion once they have “shopped around” for a denomination. d. Religion shopping is less common among young adults than it is among middle-aged adults. DIF: Easy REF: Page 614 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Affiliation 57. When asked if they attend church services at least once a month, about 60% of Americans say they do. But when daily diaries of people’s activities are examined, rates of church attendance are much lower. This problem of self-reporting of positive behaviors is known within sociology as: a. guilt avoidance. b. social desirability bias. c. embarrassment avoidance. d. normative adherence. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 600 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Attendance 58. For some followers of religion, embodied practices make the religious experience feel more authentic and real. Which of the following is NOT an embodied practice? a. dancing b. breathing c. shaking hands d. beliefs DIF: Moderate REF: Page 603 TOP: Applied OBJ: Religious Experience 59. Some sociologists of religion, such as Kelly Besecke, study how people reconcile scientific knowledge with religious beliefs. Besecke found that American Christians practice “reflexive spirituality.” This means: a. that people automatically believe the central tenets of their religion, even if they are at odds with science. b. that people begin to see the spirit world as involved in making human life possible. c. that people look to religion to provide meaning, wisdom, and profound thought rather than absolute truths about the way the world works. d. that people experience cognitive dissonance when it comes to science and belief. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 603 TOP: Factual OBJ: Reflexive Spirituality 60. Which of the following features was NOT part of the social context of early nineteenth-century America, a time when religious faiths were becoming networks for social change? a. rapid population growth b. new communications infrastructure c. strong national institutions d. market expansion DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 604–605 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 61. In which two early social movements were religious groups involved? a. voting rights and civil rights b. abolition and temperance c. abortion and abolition d. women’s rights and the right to life DIF: Easy REF: Page 605 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 62. The linking of social movements with religion demonstrates: a. the popularity of religion. b. the recognition of morality only within a religious framework. c. the powerful capacity of religion to shape the social world. d. the lack of efficiency of political action to create social change. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 605 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 63. Which of the following was NOT a social resource of black church communities that Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was able to draw upon? a. social networks b. organized church structures c. funding d. armies DIF: Easy REF: Page 606 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 64. Which of the following is a negative social function of religion? a. Religion can be a means of creating political momentum for change. b. Religion can strengthen social cohesion. c. Religion can justify differences between groups in society. d. Religion can be a means of expressing group identify and culture. DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 605–607 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 65. In its level of religiosity, the United States is similar to: a. other wealthy industrialized nations. b. other wealthy democratic nations. c. some poor and low-income developing nations. d. former Communist nations. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 597 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 66. The faith of Americans tends to be more broad than deep. This is evidenced by which of the following results from research? a. People from 65 countries were asked to rate, on a scale of 1 to 10, the importance of God in their lives; 50% of Americans responded with a 10. b. Of those Americans who agree that the Bible is the inspired word of God, only half can name the first book of the Bible. c. 58% of Americans believe in the devil and 77% believe in heaven. d. A little over 26% of Americans are white evangelical Protestants. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 598 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 67. The opening story in Chapter 16 of your text discusses Cecil Bothwell, a man running for council in Asheville, NC. The controversy was that he considered himself a “post-theist.” This is essentially the same as a(n): a. Mormon. b. atheist. c. sectarian. d. octarian. DIF: Easy REF: Pages 584–585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 68. With regard to family and religion, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Catholic parents encourage more independence in their children than do Protestants. b. Religious teenage girls tend to be less sexually active than their peers. c. Conservative Protestants tend to get married earlier in life and have more children than liberal Protestants. d. Protestant parents are more likely than Catholic parents to use corporal punishment. DIF: Easy REF: Page 607 TOP: Factual OBJ: Family 69. With regard to gender and religion, which of the following statement is FALSE? a. Women’s groups exist in a third of all congregations; men’s groups exist in about a quarter. b. Women tend to be more religious than men. c. Women’s organizations in churches have maintained their numbers even as women have entered the workforce in greater numbers since the 1970s. d. Traditional religious beliefs tend to be correlated with traditional gender roles. DIF: Easy REF: Page 609 TOP: Factual OBJ: Gender 70. College faculty members in the ____________ are much more likely to belong to churches and express religious commitment than are faculty in the ____________. a. natural, physical, and engineering sciences; social sciences, law, and humanities b. South; North c. social sciences, law, and humanities; natural, physical, and engineering sciences d. disciplines with more female students; disciplines with more male students DIF: Moderate REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class 71. There have been a greater number of ____________ presidents of the United States than any other religion. a. Baptist b. Methodist c. Episcopalian d. Catholic DIF: Easy REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class 72. One of the most “upper-class” religions is: a. fundamentalism. b. Episcopalianism. c. Buddhism. d. Judaism. DIF: Easy REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class 73. As people age they: a. become more secular. b. become less religious. c. become more religious. d. become more cranky. DIF: Easy REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Age 74. Protestantism is split into many different ____________, or groups that share the same faith and are governed by the same administration. Examples are Baptists, Lutherans, and Methodists. a. denominations b. congregations c. sects d. churchs DIF: Moderate REF: Page 619 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sect-Church Cycle 75. Which of the following defines a “church”? a. a religious body that has a high degree of tension with civil society b. a religious body that coexists with its surroundings with little tension c. a religious body that offers an alternative to secular engagement d. a religious movement that makes new claims about the supernatural DIF: Easy REF: Page 619 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sect-Church Cycle Completion 1. The ____________ is the unknowable and mystical, inspiring in individuals feelings of awe and wonder. DIF: Easy REF: Page 585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 2. ____________ is the most prevalent religion in the world. hristianity DIF: Easy REF: Page 586 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 3. Followers of liberal Islam try to reconcile ____________ with their ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 588 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 4. Christianity, Judaism, and Islam are all split among multiple ____________, big groups of ____________ that share the faith and are governed under one administrative umbrella. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 587 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion 5. ____________ is the shared beliefs and ideas, ways of thinking and knowing that we call religion. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 595 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Solidarity 6. In a ____________ society like the United States, the competition between churches makes the quality of religion better than it would be under a state-controlled religious monopoly. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 614 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Pluralism 7. Jen’nan Read is a sociologist who writes about Muslims in America. She found that the Muslim women in Amerca who are more likely to wear the veil, or hijab, are ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 599 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Pluralism 8. Weekly church attendance is ____________ in former Communist countries. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 601 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Attendance 9. Today a ____________ percentage of Americans go to church at least once a month than among the Canadians, Spanish, Australians, and British. DIF: Easy REF: Page 600 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religious Attendance 10. ____________ is a contemporary religious movement that encourages looking to religion for meaning and wisdom rather than absolute truths. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 603 TOP: Factual OBJ: Reflexive Spirituality 11. Because women lacked any formal political power, the ____________ movement of the nineteenth century became an acceptable outlet for women to exert influence outside of the home. DIF: Easy REF: Page 605 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 12. Religion shapes social institutions like ____________, as well as shaping the microlevel perceptions and choices, such as ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Pages 607–611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 13. Thirty years ago, voting behavior and ____________ were best predicted by a person’s income. Today, however, ____________ best predict voting and party affiliation. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 612 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 14. The major difference between evangelicals and fundamentalists is ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 598 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 15. Studies have shown that ____________ men make more affectionate husbands than ____________ men. DIF: Easy REF: Pages 607–608 TOP: Factual OBJ: Family 16. McDonald’s sponsors ____________, a national spiritual dance-off competition. DIF: Easy REF: Page 609 TOP: Factual OBJ: Race 17. Women’s organizations in religion have been on the ____________ since women have joined the workforce in larger numbers. ecline DIF: Moderate REF: Page 610 TOP: Factual OBJ: Gender 18. ____________ are still more likely to be overrepresented at the top of the status, social class, and political hierarchy in America. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class 19. One out of four U.S. presidents has been a member of the ____________ Church. DIF: Easy REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class 20. Religion tends to be geographic, meaning that in certain areas of the United States there are certain types of religions. Lutherans tend to live ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 612 TOP: Factual OBJ: Geography and Politics 21. One of the best predictors of voting behavior today is religion. Thirty years ago it was ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 612 TOP: Factual OBJ: Geography and Politics 22. Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism began as __________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 620 TOP: Factual OBJ: Cults 23. The idea that a churchgoer is going to be rewarded in the future through eternal salvation or eternity in heaven is called ____________. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 614 TOP: Factual OBJ: Commercialization of Religion 24. Megachurch ministries model themselves after ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 613 TOP: Factual OBJ: Megachurches 25. The Promise Church in Queens, NY, is home to a mostly Korean American Pentecostal congregation. This church was created to win over young Koreans left in the city after many prosperous Koreans moved out of Queeens, called the ____________ by Koreans. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 616 TOP: Factual OBJ: Megachurches Essay 1. Give an example of how the sacred is separated from the profane. What social functions are served by this separation? 2. Rather than trying to discover the “truth” in religion, sociologists tend to study religion because: 4. What are some criticisms of Karl Marx’s view of religion? 5. Explain how, according to Max Weber, Protestantism was central to the development of modern capitalism. 6. How could Peter Berger’s idea of the sacred canopy explain why religious people tend to live longer and experience fewer symptoms of depression? 7. Contrary to secularization theory, which posited that pluralism would undermine the credibility of faith, why have Americans maintained high levels of religiosity? 8. Religion in the United States has been found to be more broad than deep. Explain. 9. If you were raised in a conservative Protestant family versus a less religious family, your family life would be different in what ways? 10. Why have black churches played a stronger role in the secular lives of their congregations than in white churches? 11. Is religion a strictly integrative force? 12. What is the sect-church cycle? How can this help us understand social change? 13. How is the profane being used to sell the sacred? How is this related to “megachurches”? and Social Movements 61. In which two early social movements were religious groups involved? a. voting rights and civil rights b. abolition and temperance c. abortion and abolition d. women’s rights and the right to life DIF: Easy REF: Page 605 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 62. The linking of social movements with religion demonstrates: a. the popularity of religion. b. the recognition of morality only within a religious framework. c. the powerful capacity of religion to shape the social world. d. the lack of efficiency of political action to create social change. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 605 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 63. Which of the following was NOT a social resource of black church communities that Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was able to draw upon? a. social networks b. organized church structures c. funding d. armies DIF: Easy REF: Page 606 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 64. Which of the following is a negative social function of religion? a. Religion can be a means of creating political momentum for change. b. Religion can strengthen social cohesion. c. Religion can justify differences between groups in society. d. Religion can be a means of expressing group identify and culture. DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 605–607 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion and Social Movements 65. In its level of religiosity, the United States is similar to: a. other wealthy industrialized nations. b. other wealthy democratic nations. c. some poor and low-income developing nations. d. former Communist nations. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 597 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 66. The faith of Americans tends to be more broad than deep. This is evidenced by which of the following results from research? a. People from 65 countries were asked to rate, on a scale of 1 to 10, the importance of God in their lives; 50% of Americans responded with a 10. b. Of those Americans who agree that the Bible is the inspired word of God, only half can name the first book of the Bible. c. 58% of Americans believe in the devil and 77% believe in heaven. d. A little over 26% of Americans are white evangelical Protestants. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 598 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 67. The opening story in Chapter 16 of your text discusses Cecil Bothwell, a man running for council in Asheville, NC. The controversy was that he considered himself a “post-theist.” This is essentially the same as a(n): a. Mormon. b. atheist. c. sectarian. d. octarian. DIF: Easy REF: Pages 584–585 TOP: Factual OBJ: Religion in the United States 68. With regard to family and religion, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Catholic parents encourage more independence in their children than do Protestants. b. Religious teenage girls tend to be less sexually active than their peers. c. Conservative Protestants tend to get married earlier in life and have more children than liberal Protestants. d. Protestant parents are more likely than Catholic parents to use corporal punishment. DIF: Easy REF: Page 607 TOP: Factual OBJ: Family 69. With regard to gender and religion, which of the following statement is FALSE? a. Women’s groups exist in a third of all congregations; men’s groups exist in about a quarter. b. Women tend to be more religious than men. c. Women’s organizations in churches have maintained their numbers even as women have entered the workforce in greater numbers since the 1970s. d. Traditional religious beliefs tend to be correlated with traditional gender roles. DIF: Easy REF: Page 609 TOP: Factual OBJ: Gender 70. College faculty members in the ____________ are much more likely to belong to churches and express religious commitment than are faculty in the ____________. a. natural, physical, and engineering sciences; social sciences, law, and humanities b. South; North c. social sciences, law, and humanities; natural, physical, and engineering sciences d. disciplines with more female students; disciplines with more male students DIF: Moderate REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class 71. There have been a greater number of ____________ presidents of the United States than any other religion. a. Baptist b. Methodist c. Episcopalian d. Catholic DIF: Easy REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class 72. One of the most “upper-class” religions is: a. fundamentalism. b. Episcopalianism. c. Buddhism. d. Judaism. DIF: Easy REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Class 73. As people age they: a. become more secular. b. become less religious. c. become more religious. d. become more cranky. DIF: Easy REF: Page 611 TOP: Factual OBJ: Age 74. Protestantism is split into many different ____________, or groups that share the same faith and are governed by the same administration. Examples are Baptists, Lutherans, and Methodists. a. denominations b. congregations c. sects d. churchs DIF: Moderate REF: Page 619 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sect-Church Cycle 75. Which of the following defines a “church”? a. a religious body that has a high degree of tension with civil society b. a religious body that coexists with its surroundings with little tension c. a religious body that offers an alternative to secular engagement d. a religious movement that makes new claims about the supernatural DIF: Easy REF: Page 619 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sect-Church Cycle Completion 1. The __

Part 1: Multiple-choice Questions (50%) You will be given 25 multiple-choice questions. Each will account for 2% of your grade for this examination. PLSC3 Final Review Questions For the Final examination to be held on May 2 nd, you will be tested according to the following scheme. Part 1: Multiple-choice Questions (50%) You will be given 25 multiple-choice questions. Each will account for 2% of your grade for this examination. Refer to the key terms in the back page. Part 2: Essay Questions (50%) You will be given 3 of the following 7 questions, and be asked to answer 2 of them in essay form. Each will account for 25% of your grade for this examination. 1. In terms of geographic distribution of governmental power, most of contemporary world’s states are either federal or unitary systems. Discuss the differences between a federal and a unitary system. What are the advantages of one system when compared to the other, and vice versa? 2. Why is symbolic performance (as political function) important? How can it be manipulated? 3. How might some people argue that prime minister in UK is more powerful than president of the United States? 4. It is often said that France has a dual executive; what are the components of this duo? What are the powers and responsibilities of each? Has this changed over the year? How does the political composition of the National Assembly and Presidency affect the power enjoyed by each of these individuals? 5. Assume that new Chinese Premier Li Keqiang has named you his chief advisor for domestic affairs. Prepare a brief memorandum in which you identify and discuss the three most important actions that his government should take in during his early years in office in order to make China a more just and prosperous nation. 6. Discuss and analyze the film Central Station from the standpoint of public services provided by Brazilian government. What does it tell you about how politics does (or does not) impact on the lives of the poor and the working classes in Brazil? 7. Discuss why Iran’s isolation and its multiple decision-making centers limit its role as an international actor. * Special Office Hour before the Final Exam On May 1 st (Sunday), I will be at at Pattee Library #W 124 Knowledge Commons between 6:00PM and 7:20PM. You are welcomed to drop by for any question. Decision rules Distribution (as a political function) Higher civil service Impeachment Judicial review Indirect taxes Political outcomes Symbolic policies Backbencher (UK) British Commonwealth Devolution House of Lords Quangos Unwritten Constitution Whitehall Blocked vote Constitutional Council Grands corps Marine Le Pen Cohabitation Gaullist party Two-ballot system Brazil cost (Brazil) coronelismo favelas MERCOSUR Movement of Landless Rural Workers (MST) Brazilian public policies depicted in the film “Central Station” Provisional measures Real Plan Workers’ Party (PT) Luis Inaco Lula da Silva (“Lula”) Assembly of Experts (Iran) Council of Guardians Expediency Council Khatami, Mohammad Majles Mossadegh, Mohammad Multiple power centers Pasdaran (Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps) Rentier states Shari’a Deng Xiaoping (China) National People’s Congress One-child family policy “One country, two systems” People’s Liberation Army Politburo Taiwan Tiananmen massacre

MGMT3720 Chapter 1 What Is Organizational Behavior Answers 100% Provided and Fully Explained MGMT3720: Chapter 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Successful managers and entrepreneurs recognize that: a. technical knowledge is all that is needed for success. b. interpersonal skills are not important. c. technical skills are necessary, but insufficient, for succeeding in management. d. an understanding of human behavior does not impact effectiveness ( Challenging; pp. 2-3) What Managers Do 2. Which one of the following is not considered an organization? a. church b. university c. a military unit d. all 45-year-old adults in a community ( Easy; p. 4) 3. A(n) is a consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals. a. organization b. unit c. team d. ethnic group ( Moderat p. 4) 4. The four management functions include all of the following except: a. controlling. b. planning. c. staffing. d. organizing. ( Moderat p. 4) 5. includes defining an organization’s goals and establishing an overall strategy for achieving these goals and developing a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities. a. Controlling b. Planning c. Leading d. Coordinating ( Moderat p. 4) 6. The determination of how tasks are to be grouped is part of which management function? a. planning b. leading c. controlling d. organizing ( Easy; p. 4) 7. The organizing function includes a determination of which of the following? a. what tasks are to be done b. who is to do these tasks c. who reports to whom d. all of the above ( Moderat p. 4) 8. Every organization contains people, and it is management’s job to direct and coordinate these people. This is the function. a. planning b. leading c. controlling d. organizing ( Moderat p.4) 9. According to Henry Mintzberg, the ten managerial roles can be grouped into three categories. Which of the following is not one of these groups? a. concern with the interpersonal relationships b. the transfer of information c. decision making d. liaison roles ( Challenging; Exh. 1-1; p. 6. ) 10. An example of Mintzberg’s interpersonal management role is: a. spokesperson. b. leader. c. negotiator. d. monitor. ( Moderat Exh. 1-1; p. 6) 11. When a manager searches the organization and its environment for opportunities and initiates projects to bring about change, the manager is acting in which role? a. negotiator b. entrepreneur c. disturbance handler d. resource allocator ( Challenging; Exh. 1-1; p. 6) 12. Which of the following is not an essential management skill identified by Robert Katz? a. technical b. computer c. human d. conceptual ( Moderat p. 5) 13. When managers have the mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations, they possess: a. technical skills. b. computer skills. c. human skills. d. conceptual skills. ( Challenging; pp. 6-7 ) 14. Which one of the following would not be considered a human skill? a. completing accounting reports b. communicating c. resolving conflicts d. working as part of a team ( Moderat pp 5-6) 15. According to Luthans and his associates, which of the following is not considered a part of traditional management? a. interacting with outsiders b. decision making c. controlling d. planning ( Moderat p. 7) 16. Which of Luthan’s managerial activities involves socializing, politicking, and interacting with outsiders? a. traditional management b. communication c. human resource management d. networking ( Challenging; p. 7 ) 17. According to Luthans, successful managers spent more of their time on than on any other activity. a. traditional management b. human resource management c. networking d. communicating ( Challenging; p. 8) 18. A common thread running through the functions, roles, skills, and activities approaches to management recognizes the importance of: a. managing technology. b. managing people. c. politicking. d. being efficient. ( Moderat p. 8) Enter Organizational Behavior 19. Organizational behavior is all of the following except: a. a field of study. b. an applied field. c. an intuitive analysis of human behavior. d. studying what people do in an organization. ( Moderat p. 8) 20. is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness. a. Organizational development b. Management c. Organizational behavior d. People management ( Easy; p. 8) 21. Which of the following is not a core topic of organizational behavior? a. motivation b. attitude development c. conflict d. computers ( Easy; p. 8 ) 22. According to the text, the best approach for obtaining knowledge about human behavior is a. the common sense approach. b. an observational approach. c. a systematic approach. d. a theoretical approach. ( Easy; p. 10) 23. A major theme in your textbook is that behavior is not: a. caused. b. random. c. consistent. d. predictable. ( Easy; p. 9) 24. If we know how a person perceives a situation and what is important to him/her, then behavior is generally a. predictable. b. predetermined. c. uncontrollable. d. controllable. ( Moderat p. 9) 25. Fundamental consistencies allow of behavior. a. observation b. systematizing c. research d. predictability ( Moderat pp. 9-10) 26. Behavior is generally and the of behavior is a means to making reasonably accurate predictions. a. predetermine observation b. predictabl systematic study c. controllabl theoretical application d. uncontrollabl systematic study ( Moderat p. 10) 27. includes analyzing relationships, determining causes and effects, and basing conclusions on scientific evidence. a. Organizational behavior b. The observational approach to understanding organizational behavior c. A theoretical approach to organizational behavior d. A systematic study of organizational behavior ( Moderat p. 10) 28. In the study of OB, intuition is replaced by: a. systematic study. b. generalization. c. listening. d. prediction. ( Easy; p. 10) Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field 29. Organizational behavior is built upon contributions from all of the following disciplines except: a. humanities. b. psychology. c. anthropology. d. political science. ( Moderat p. 11) 30. The science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals is: a. psychiatry. b. psychology. c. sociology. d. political science. ( Moderat p. 12) 31. Which behavioral science discipline has made the most significant contribution to understanding individual behavior? a. sociology b. social psychology c. psychology d. anthropology ( Moderat p. 12) 32. The OB topic of motivation has been most influenced by which behavioral science discipline? a. psychology b. social psychology c. sociology d. political science ( Moderat p. 12) 33. The most significant contribution to OB in the area of formal organization theory and structure has been made by: a. psychology. b. sociology. c. anthropology. d. political science. ( Moderat p. 12) 34. studies people in relation to their fellow human beings. a. Psychology b. Sociology c. Anthropology d. Political science ( Moderat p. 12) 35. The science that focuses on the influence of people on one another is: a. psychology. b. anthropology. c. political science. d. social psychology. ( Moderat p. 12) 36. One of the major areas receiving considerable investigation from social psychologists has been: a. change. b. motivation. c. job satisfaction. d. job stress. ( Challenging; p. 12 ) 37. The OB subject of “organizational culture” has been most influenced by which behavioral science discipline? a. anthropology b. psychology c. social psychology d. political science ( Moderat p. 12) 38. has helped us understand differences in fundamental values, attitudes, and behavior between people in different countries. a. Anthropology b. Psychology c. Social psychology d. Political science ( Challenging; p. 12) 39. Topics of study in political science include all of the following except: a. structuring of conflict. b. the social system in which individuals fill their roles. c. allocation of power. d. how people manipulate power for individual self interest. ( Challenging; p. 12) There are Few Absolutes in OB 40. Which of the following is the best description of OB’s current state? a. It is based on universal truths. b. It is based on contingencies. c. There is little disagreement among OB researchers and scholars. d. Cause-effect principles have been isolated which tend to apply to all situations. ( Moderat p. 13) Challenges and Opportunities for OB 41. Whereas focuses on differences between people from different countries, addresses differences among people within given countries. a. workforce diversity; globalization b. globalization; workforce diversity c. cultur diversity d. culturization; workforce diversity ( Challenging; pp. 14-15) 42. means that organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity. a. Globalization b. Workforce diversity c. Affirmative action d. Organizational culture ( Easy; p. 15) 43. The assumption is being replaced by one that recognizes and values . a. melting pot; differences b. melting pot; similarities c. diversity; differences d. heterogeneous; similarities ( Moderat p. 15) 44. Which of the following is not true? a. Currently, 46 percent of the U.S. labor force are women. b. Minorities and immigrants make up 23 percent of the workforce. c. The male Caucasian working full time to support a non-employed wife and school-aged children is a minority. d. The proportion of minorities and women is shrinking. ( Challenging; p. 15) 45. The implications of workforce diversity include all of the following except: a. managers have to shift their philosophy from treating everyone alike to recognizing differences. b. diversity training should be provided. c. revamping benefit programs is needed to accommodate the different needs of different employees. d. the same perceptions are used in decision making. ( Challenging; p. 15) 46. is a philosophy of management that is driven by the constant attainment of customer satisfaction through the continuous improvement of all organizational processes. a. MBO b. Quality management c. Reengineering d. Organizational behavior ( Easy; p. 16) 47. Quality management requires employee involvement. a. very little b. occasional c. extensive d. no ( Moderat p. 16) 48. asks managers to reconsider how work would be done and their organization structured if they were starting over. a. Process reengineering b. MBO c. TQM d. Diversity training ( Easy; p. 16) 49. Predictions suggest there will be a labor shortage for at least another: a. 1-2 years. b. 4-5 years. c. 10-15 years. d. 20-25 years. ( Moderat p.17) 50. The U.S. labor shortage is a function of: a. birth rates and labor participation rates. b. birth rates and mobility. c. brain drain. d. poor wages and benefits. ( Moderat p. 17) 51. Many employees have been led to retire early as a result of: a. expanded Social Security benefits. b. a healthy stock market. c. improved pension plans. d. all of the above ( Challenging; p. 17) 52. The majority of employees today in developed countries work in: a. manufacturing jobs. b. service jobs. c. MNCs. d. government agencies. ( Moderat p. 18) 53. When managers put employees in charge of what they do, they are the employees. a. reengineering b. empowering c. diversifying d. dehiring ( Moderat p. 19) 54. Managing today can be described as long periods of ongoing interrupted occasionally by short periods of . a. chang stability b. stability; change c. flexibility; rigidity d. rigidity; flexibility ( Moderat p. 19) 55. Which of the following has not contributed to blurring the lines between employees’ work life and personal life? a. the creation of global organizations b. communications technology allowing employees to work any time and from any place c. organizations asking employees to put in longer hours d. fewer dual-income couples ( Easy; p. 20) 56. Situations where an individual is required to define right and wrong conduct are termed: a. diversity issues. b. human resource problems. c. ethical dilemmas. d. loyalty oaths. ( Easy; p. 21) Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 57. A model is a(an): a. abstraction of reality. b. response that is affected by an independent variable. c. independent variable. d. real-world scenario. ( Easy; p. 22) 58. Primary dependent variables in OB include: a. productivity. b. absenteeism. c. job satisfaction. d. all of the above ( Easy; p. 23) 59. is achievement of goals. a. Efficiency b. Effectiveness c. Productivity d. Motivation ( Easy; p. 23) 60. Which of the following is an example of being an efficient company or employee? a. operating a hospital at the lowest possible cost but still yielding a high profit b. being the most pleasant real estate broker in the southeast c. as a telemarketer, making the required number of calls at the end of the day d. a sales person who acquires the most clients of anyone in the company ( Challenging; p. 23) 61. Sears trained employees to improve the employee-customer interaction to ultimately: a. generate additional revenue. b. decrease returns. c. improve repeat customer business. d. none of the above ( Moderat p. 23) 62. is discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee’s formal job requirement, but that promotes the effective functioning of the organization. a. Productivity b. Motivation c. Organizational citizenship d. Organizational behavior ( Moderat p. 25) 63. Individual-level independent variables include: a. technology. b. organizational culture. c. perception. d. human resource policy. ( Moderat pp. 25-26) 64. is the voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization. a. Absenteeism b. Turnover c. Downsizing d. Exit ( Easy; p. 24) TRUE/E 65. The single biggest reason for the failure of managers is poor interpersonal skills. 66. While managers must be technically competent, technical knowledge is not enough for success. What Managers Do 67. Managers get things done through other people. 68. The term organization, as used in your textbook, is meant to include business firms but exclude government agencies. 69. Managers may be referred to as administrators in not-for-profit organizations. 70. Henri Fayol listed five management functions: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. 71. Modern theorists have condensed Fayol’s five management functions down to four: planning, organizing, commanding, and controlling. 72. The controlling function includes the determination of what tasks are to be done. 73. Monitoring, comparing, and potential correcting is what is meant by the controlling process. 74. Mintzberg concluded that managers perform ten different highly-interrelated roles, or sets of behaviors, attributable to their jobs. 75. The role of spokesperson is an example of an informational role. 76. As resource allocators, managers are responsible for allocating human, physical, and monetary resources. Moderat Exh. 1-1; p. 6) 77. When managers initiate and oversee new projects that will improve their organization’s performance, they are acting in the capacity of an entrepreneur, an example of an informational role. 78. Robert Katz has identified three essential management skills: technical, human, and conceptual. 79. According to Katz, human skills encompass the ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise. ( Moderat pp. 5-6) 80. The ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations is referred to as an individual’s conceptual skills. Easy; pp. 6-7) 81. According to Luthans and his associates, those managers who are most “successful” will spend more time networking than those managers who are considered most “effective.” Challenging; Exh. 1-2; p. 7) 82. Research conducted by Luthans supports the theory that promotions are based on performance. ( Moderat p. 7) 83. Luthans’ research indicates that among effective managers, communication made the largest relative contribution and networking the least. Challenging; Exh. 1-2; pp. 7-8) 84. Managers need to develop their people skills if they are going to be effective and successful. Moderat p. 8) Enter Organizational Behavior 85. Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness. Moderat p. 8) 86. Organizational behavior is concerned with the study of what people do in an organization and how that behavior affects the performance of the organization. Moderat p. 8) 87. Behavior is generally predictable, and the systematic study of behavior is a means to making reasonably accurate predictions. Moderat p. 10) 88. Many people’s views on human behavior are based on intuition. Easy; pp. 9-10) 89. It is the consistencies in behavior that make prediction possible. Moderat p. 9) 90. Regardless of appearances, people usually intend their behavior to be rational. Moderat p. 9) 91. Anything you learn in an unsystematic way is incorrect. ( Moderat p. 10) 92. Intuition is gut feelings about “why I do what I do.” Easy; p. 10) Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field 93. OB is an applied behavioral science that is built upon contributions from a number of behavioral disciplines. Easy; p. 11) 94. Learning, perception, and personality have been OB topics whose contributions have generally come from psychology. Moderat Exh. 1-3; p. 11) 95. What psychology is to the individual, sociology is to the group. Moderat p. 12) 96. Social psychology is an area within psychology, blending concepts from both psychology and political science. ( Moderat p.12) 97. Anthropology has helped us understand differences in values and attitudes between people in different countries. Moderat p. 12) 98. Conflict and power have been major topics of concern to political scientists. Easy; Exh. 1-3; p. 12) There are Few Absolutes in OB 99. There are many simple and universal principles that explain organizational behavior. ( Easy; p. 13) 100. OB researchers cannot offers reasonably accurate explanations of human behavior since people act very differently in the same situation. ( Moderat p. 13) Challenges and Opportunities for OB 101. As the world has become a global village, managers have to become capable of working with people from different cultures. Moderat p. 14) 102. Workforce diversity means that organizations are becoming more homogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity. ( Moderat p. 15) 103. People must set aside their cultural values when they come to work. ( Moderat p. 15) 104. 46 percent of the U.S. labor force are women. Challenging; p. 15) 105. Diversity, if positively managed, can increase creativity and innovation in organizations. Easy; p. 15) 106. A philosophy of management that is driven by the constant attainment of customer satisfaction through the continuous improvement of all organizational processes is termed “reengineering.” ( Moderat p. 16) 107. Quality management has an intense focus on the customer and a goal of employee empowerment. Easy; p. 16) 108. Putting employees in charge of what they do is termed “reengineering.” ( Easy; p. 16) 109. Process reengineering asks, “How would we do things around here if we were starting over from scratch?” Easy; p. 16) 110. In tight labor markets, those managers who don’t understand human behavior risk having no one to manage. Moderat p. 17) 111. An employee who is empowered is given greater opportunity to determine how she does her job. Moderat p. 19) 112. There’s a blurring between the roles of managers and workers. Moderat p. 20) 113. Managing today is described as long periods of ongoing change, interrupted occasionally by short periods of stability. Moderat p. 21) 114. Today’s managers and employees must learn to cope with temporariness – learning to live with flexibility, spontaneity, and unpredictability. Moderat p. 19) 115. OB has little to offer in stimulating employee creativity and tolerance for change. ( Challenging; p. 20) 116. Your firm is experiencing lower than normal profits. You realize that you should write off some questionable accounts, but your supervisor suggests that you wait until next year. This is a modern example of an ethical dilemma. Easy; p. 21) Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 117. There are three levels of analysis in OB, and, as we move from the individual level to the group level to the organization systems level, we add systematically to our understanding of behavior in organizations. Challenging; p.22) 118. The key factors you want to explain or predict in a model are termed independent variables. ( Moderat p. 23) 119. Typical dependent variables in organizational behavior are productivity, absenteeism, and job satisfaction. Moderat p. 23) 120. Organizational behavior models generally assume job satisfaction to be an independent variable. ( Moderat p. 23) 121. An organization is productive if it achieves its goals and does so by transferring inputs to outputs at the lowest cost. Moderat p. 23) 122. The annual cost of absenteeism in the U.S. is estimated at over $40 billion. Challenging; p. 24) 123. A conservative estimate of the cost of recruiting, selecting, and training an employee is about $25,000. ( Challenging; p. 24) 124. Reasonable levels of employee-initiated turnover facilitate organizational flexibility and employee independence. Challenging; p. 24) 125. The difference between the amount of rewards workers receive and the amount they believe they should receive is termed job satisfaction. Moderat p. 25) 126. Job satisfaction represents an attitude rather than a behavior. Moderat p. 25) 127. Independent group level variables studied in organizational behavior include perception, learning, and motivation. ( Moderat p. 25) SCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONS Application of What Managers Do Joseph Wood is a manager at the XYZ Company. He performs all the management functions as condensed from Henri Fayol’s work. 128. When Mr. Wood estimates an overall strategy for achieving his department’s goals, he is performing the function. a. planning b. organizing c. leading d. controlling ( Moderat p. 4) 129. When Mr. Wood determines what tasks are to be performed by his employees and how they are to be grouped, he is performing the function. a. planning b. organizing c. leading d. controlling ( Moderat p. 4) 130. When Mr. Wood motivates his employees and attempts to resolve conflicts among department members, he is performing the function. a. planning b. organizing c. leading d. controlling ( Moderat p. 4) 131. When Mr. Wood compares projected sales to actual sales in his department, he is performing the function. a. planning b. organizing c. leading d. controlling ( Moderat p. 4) Application of Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field You are bringing together faculty from different behavioral disciplines to author a new textbook in organizational behavior. You have faculty from the fields of psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and political science. 132. You should expect that the faculty member from will probably contribute information about intergroup behavior. a. sociology b. psychology c. social psychology d. anthropology ( Challenging; p. 12) 133. Information on which of the following would probably not be a contribution from the faculty member from political science? a. conflict b. power c. organizational change d. intraorganizational politics ( Challenging; p. 12) 134. To whom would you expect to address issues of communication? a. the psychologist b. the anthropologist c. the political scientist d. the social psychologist ( Challenging; p. 12) 135. You would expect the faculty member from to furnish information about personality, learning, and motivation. a. sociology b. psychology c. anthropology d. political science ( Moderat p. 12) Application of Quality Management You are an employee of Acme, Inc. who has just been approached by your manager with a new philosophy that management wishes to institute. Your manager is stressing that he wants your involvement and that the emphasis is going to be on the customer and continual improvement. 136. You would probably believe that management is trying to implement: a. quality management. b. MBO. c. process reengineering. d. organizational behavior. ( Moderat p. 16) 137. As part of the program, you should expect to see all of the following except: a. improvement in quality. b. empowerment of employees. c. emphasis on individual achievement. d. accurate measurement. ( Moderat p. 16) 138. You should expect your job to change in which of the following ways? a. more imposed rules from management b. more measurement of performance variables c. more free time d. less real employee power ( Moderat p. 16) Application of Developing an OB Model Allison and Gail both are studying for a final exam. Both students have a goal of making a grade of 91 or better. Gail studied 6 hours and made a grade of 92. Allison studied for 9 hours and also made a grade of 92. 139. Which of the students was effective? a. only Gail b. only Allison c. neither Gail nor Allison d. both Gail and Allison ( Moderat p. 23) 140. Which of the following statements is true? a. Gail is more efficient than Allison. b. Allison is more efficient than Gail. c. Gail is more effective than Allison. d. Allison is more effective than Gail. ( Moderat p. 23) 141. Which of the students was more productive? a. Gail b. Allison c. Neither Gail nor Allison was productive. d. It is impossible to tell from the information given. ( Moderat p. 23) SHORT DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 142. Discuss the four management functions described by your text. (Page 4) 143. Why is it important to replace intuition with systematic study in our attempts to understand behavior within organizations? (Pages 8-10) 144. How have the fields of psychology and sociology contributed to our understanding of organizational behavior? (Page 12) 145. How does globalization affect a manager’s people skills? 146. Explain the term “workforce diversity.” (Page 15) 147. What is the difference between effectiveness and efficiency? (Page 25) 148. Discuss the U.S. labor shortage. (Page 17) MEDIUM LENGTH DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 149. Briefly discuss three of the challenges facing contemporary managers. (Pages 14-16) 150. Explain quality management and process reengineering. (Pages 16-17) 151. What independent and dependent variables are usually identified for construction of an OB model? (Pages 23-26) COMPREHENSIVE ESSAYS 152. Discuss Mintzberg’s ten different roles. Group them as being primarily concerned with interpersonal relationships, the transfer of information, and decision making. (Exh. 1-1; Pages 4-5) 153. Organizational behavior is an applied behavioral science built upon contributions from a number of different disciplines. What are these disciplines and what are the contributions of each discipline? Be complete in your response and include five different behavioral science disciplines. (Exh. 1-3; Pages 11-12) 154. How have the roles of managers and workers been blurred? (Pages 20-21) 155. What is an ethical dilemma? How are organizations responding to these dilemmas? (Pages 21-22) 156. Define turnover. Why is it of concern to organizations? (Page 24) Chapter 2 Foundations of Individual Behavior MULTIPLE CHOICE Biographical Characteristics 1. The biographical characteristic that will grow in importance during the next decade is: a. sex. b. marital status. c. age. d. length of service. ( Moderat p. 37) 2. All of the following are examples of biographical characteristics except: a. sexual orientation. b. age. c. sex. d. marital status. ( Moderat p. 37) 3. The age of a worker seems to have a direct relationship to: a. productivity. b. turnover. c. absenteeism. d. vacation taken. ( Challenging; p. 38) 4. Which of the following statements is not true? a. In general, older employees have lower rates of avoidable absence than do younger employees. b. Older employees have higher rates of unavoidable absence than younger workers probably due to their poorer health. c. The older you get, the more likely you are to quit your job. d. Older workers are perceived as lacking flexibility. ( Moderate, p. 38) 5. Which of the following is true concerning the relationship between age and job satisfaction? a. Most studies found a negative association between age and satisfaction. b. There is a U-shaped relationship. c. Satisfaction decreases among professionals as they age. d. Satisfaction increases among nonprofessionals during middle age. ( Challenging; p. 39) 6. Studies have found that all of the following are true except: a. women are more willing to conform to authority than men. b. men are more aggressive than women. c. women tend to be more productive at work than men. d. men are more likely to have expectations of success. ( Moderat p. 39) 7. In comparing men and women in the workplace, it was found that: a. men are more productive. b. women are more productive. c. women have more absences. d. men are more prone to resign. ( Moderat p. 39) 8. According to your text, a likely explanation for the higher absentee rate for women is that: a. women tend to have more illnesses that keep them from work than do men. b. traditionally, women have had the responsibility of caring for home and family. c. women tend to be less satisfied with their jobs than men and are consequently absent more often. d. women generally have jobs for which a temporary replacement can be hired so absences are more permissible. ( Challenging; p. 39) 9. All of the following are true about married employees except: a. they are more productive than single employees. b. they have fewer absences than single employees. c. they undergo less turnover than single employees. d. they are more satisfied with their jobs than single employees. ( Moderat pp. 39-40) 10. Which of the following statements concerning tenure is not true? a. The most recent evidence demonstrates a positive relationship between seniority and job productivity. b. Tenure does not appear to be a good predictor of employee productivity. c. Tenure is a potent variable in explaining turnover. d. Tenure and satisfaction are positively related. ( Moderat p. 40) 11. Studies indicate that employees with more tenure: a. are generally less satisfied than newer employees. b. are generally less productive than newer employees. c. are generally absent less than newer employees. d. are generally absent more than newer employees. ( Moderat p. 40) Ability 12. As used in the text, the term “ability:” a. refers to an individual’s willingness to perform the various tasks in a job. b. is a current assessment of what one can do. c. is made up of only intellectual skills. d. is made up of people skills. ( Moderat p. 40) 13. Which one of the following is the best synonym for “ability?” a. motivation b. capacity c. experience d. intellect ( Moderat p. 40) 14. Which of the following is not a dimension of intellectual ability as discussed in your text? a. number aptitude b. perceptual speed c. spatial visualization d. dynamic strength ( Moderat Exh. 2-1; p. 41) 15. Tests that measure specific dimensions of intelligence have been found to be strong predictors of: a. job satisfaction. b. turnover. c. job performance. d. ability to work with others. ( Moderat p. 41) 16. A major problem resulting from the use of ability tests for selection and promotion of personnel is: a. the low reliability of the tests. b. the tests fail to take into account the personality of the individual. c. the adverse impact the tests have on racial and ethnic groups. d. some individuals with high intelligence are poor test takers. ( Moderat p. 41) 17. Recent evidence suggests that intelligence can be better understood by breaking it down into four sub-parts. Which one of the following is not one of those sub-parts? a. cognitive b. social c. emotional d. physical strength ( Moderat pp. 41-42) 18. encompasses the aptitudes that have long been tapped by traditional intelligence tests. a. Cognitive intelligence b. Social intelligence c. Emotional intelligence d. Physical strength ( Easy; p. 42) 19. intelligence is a person’s ability to relate effectively to others. a. Cognitive b. Social c. Emotional d. Cultural ( Easy; p. 42) 20. intelligence is awareness of cross-cultural differences and the ability to successfully function in cross-cultural situations. a. Cognitive b. Social c. Emotional d. Cultural ( Easy; p. 42) 21. intelligence is the ability to identify, understand, and manage emotions. a. Cognitive b. Social c. Emotional d. Cultural ( Easy; p. 42) 22. Multiple intelligences may help explain why so-called “smart people” don’t: a. necessarily adapt well to everyday life. b. work well with others. c. succeed when placed in leadership roles. d. all of the above ( Moderat p. 42) 23. Which of the following is not a characteristic of physical ability? a. stamina b. strength c. looks d. dexterity ( Moderat p. 42) 24. Research indicates that there are nine basic abilities involved in the performance of physical tests. Which of the following is not a correct description of the ability listed? a. dynamic strength–ability to exert muscular force repeatedly b. dynamic flexibility–ability to move the trunk and back muscles as far as possible c. balance–ability to maintain equilibrium despite forces pulling off balance d. stamina–ability to continue maximum effort requiring prolonged effort over time ( Challenging; Exh. 2-2; p. 42) Learning 25. According to a psychologist’s definition, indicates that learning has taken place. a. ability to perform well on exams b. change in attitude c. change in behavior d. a high IQ score ( Easy; p. 43) 26. Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience is termed: a. learning. b. classical nt conditioning. c. social learning theory. ( Moderat p. 43) 27. All of the following are true about learning except: a. it involves change. b. the change can be permanent or temporary. c. it requires a change in actions of behavior. d. it requires some form of experience. ( Moderat p. 44) 28. Experience may be acquired: a. directly through observation or practice. b. directly through reading. c. but is not necessary for learning. d. but is meaningless. ( Moderat p. 44) 29. The classical conditioning theory of learning grew out of: a. experiments performed by Ivan Pavlov. b. the need for better managers. c. experiments performed by B. F. Skinner. d. advances in technology. ( Moderat p. 44) 30. In Pavlov’s experiment, the meat was: a. an unconditioned stimulus. b. an unconditioned response. c. a conditioned stimulus. d. a conditioned response. ( Easy; p. 44) 31. Which of the following is not a conditioned response? a. wincing when you stub your toe b. driving on the right side of the road c. feeling hunger around noon time d. looking for shelter when the sky turns gray ( Moderat p. 44) 32. In Pavlov’s experiment, the bell was: a. an unconditioned stimulus. b. an unconditioned response. c. a conditioned stimulus. d. a conditioned response. ( Easy; p. 44) 33. Which of the following is not true of classical conditioning? a. Classical conditioning is passive. b. Classical conditioning can explain simple reflexive behaviors. c. Learning a conditioned response involves building up an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. d. The neutral stimulus takes on the properties of the conditioned stimulus. ( Moderat pp. 44-45) 34. A smell that brings back memories of a certain time and place is an example of: a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. sensory conditioning. d. association conditioning. ( Easy; p. 44) 35. Most behavior of individuals in organizations is: a elicited. b. emitted. c. reflexive. d. uncontrollable. ( Moderat p. 45) 36. Operant conditioning argues that: a. behavior is reflexive. b. behavior is unlearned. c. behavior is a function of its consequences. d. the tendency to repeat a behavior is very strong. ( Moderat p. 45) 37. Reinforcement is the major tenet of: a. Pavlov. b. Fayol. c. Skinner. d. Deming. ( Challenging; p. 46) 38. What did for classical conditioning, did for operant conditioning. a. Pavlov; Skinner b. Herzberg; Deming c. Fayol; Mintzberg d. McGregor; Maslow ( Challenging; p. 46) 39. Your boss does not follow through on his/her promise to pay you double for overtime hours worked. When asked again to work overtime, you decline. This is an application of a. employer/employee relations. b. operant conditioning. c. lack of commitment. d. social learning. ( Moderat p. 46) 40. According to operant conditioning, if a behavior fails to be positively reinforced, the probability that behavior will be repeated: a. increases. b. declines. c. remains unchanged. d. is not impacted. ( Moderat p. 46) 41. The view that we can learn both through observation and direct experience is called: a. situational learning theory. b. classical learning. c. social learning theory. d. hands-on learning experience. ( Easy; p. 46) 42. Social learning theory is an extension of: a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. shaping. d. extinction. ( Challenging; p. 46) 43. Four processes have been found to determine the influence that a model will have on an individual. Which of the following is not one of the processes? a. shaping processes b. attentional processes c. motor reproduction processes d. reinforcement processes ( Challenging; pp. 46-47) 44. Using processes in creating employee training programs recognizes that models’ influence will depend on how well the individual remembers the model’s action after the model is no longer readily available. a. attentional b. retention c. motor reproduction d. reinforcement ( Moderat pp. 46-47) 45. The learning concept of reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the desired new behavior is called: a. modeling. b. shaping. c. classical conditioning. d. social learning. ( Easy; p. 47) 46. Individual-difference factors found to significantly influence learning and training actions include all of the following except: a. ability. b. motivational level. c. personality. d. age. ( Moderat p. 47) 47. All of the following are ways in which to shape learning except: a. positive reinforcement. b. punishment. c. extinction. d. manipulation. ( Moderat pp. 47-48) 48. When a response is followed by the termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant, it is called: a. negative reinforcement. b. positive reinforcement. c. manipulation. d. elimination. ( Easy; p. 47) 49. Suspending an employee who shows up for work drunk is an example of: a. extinction. b. negative reinforcement. c. punishment. d. poor planning. ( Moderat p. 48) 50. An example of is when an employee receives a one-week suspension from work and is fined $200 for stealing company property. a. penalization b. punishment c. extinction d. negative reinforcement ( Easy; p. 48) 51. Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining an unwanted behavior is called: a. extinction. b. punishment. c. negative reinforcement. d. positive reinforcement. ( Easy; p. 48) 52. All of the following are true about both positive and negative reinforcement except: a. both positive and negative reinforcement result in learning. b. both positive and negative reinforcement strengthen a response and increase the probability of repetition. c. both positive and negative reinforcement tend to weaken behavior and decrease its subsequent frequency. d. both positive and negative reinforcement are effective shaping tools. ( Challenging; pp. 48-49) 53. In a case where an employee is frequently late for work and every time he/she is not tardy the manager compliments him/her for being on time, the manager is using: a. continuous schedule reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. an intermittent schedule of reinforcement. d. a repetitious schedule of reinforcement. ( Moderat p. 49) 54. According to research, the form of reinforcement tends to promote more resistance to extinction than does the form. a. varie repetitious b. repetitious; intermittent c. intermittent; continuous d. continuous; varied ( Moderat p. 49) 55. In a reinforcement schedule, after a constant number of responses are given, a reward is initiated. a. variable-ratio b. fixed-ratio c. variable-interval d. fixed-interval ( Moderat pp. 49-50) 56. In general, reinforcement schedules tend to lead to higher performance than reinforcement schedules. a. variabl fixed b. fixe intermittent c. fixe variable d. variabl occasional ( Moderat pp. 49-50) 57. A series of randomly timed, unannounced visits to a company office by the corporate audit staff is an example of: a. surprise tactic. b. variable-interval reinforcement schedule. c. continuous reinforcement schedule. d. fixed reinforcement schedule. ( Moderat p. 50) 58. The now-classic study at Emery Air Freight illustrates the use of: a. classical conditioning. b. self-management. c. reengineering. d. behavior modification. ( Moderat p. 51) 59. The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting is referred to as: a. classical conditioning. b. self-management. c. reengineering. d. OB Mod. ( Moderat p. 51) 60. Which of the following is not one of the steps of the problem-solving model followed by the typical OB Mod program? a. identifying critical behaviors b. avoiding evaluation and performance c. developing baseline data d. developing and implementing an intervention strategy ( Challenging; p. 52) 61. Examples of how managers can use learning theory include all the following except: a. using lotteries to reduce absenteeism. b. disciplining employees. c. developing training programs. d. using radio advertisements for recruiting. ( Moderat pp. 53-54) 62. Which of the following does not describe the effect of discipline on employees? a. It tells employees what not to do. b. It tells employees what to do in the future. c. It produces fast results in the short run. d. It leads to employee frustration, fear of the manager, and increases in absenteeism and turnover. ( Moderat p. 53) 63. Learning techniques that allow individuals to manage their own behavior so that less external management control is necessary are termed: a. self-management. b. MBO. c. reengineering. d. mentor programs. ( Easy; p. 54) TRUE/E Biographical Characteristics 64. Biographical data is easier to acquire than information on employee motivation levels. Easy; p. 37) 65. Personal characteristics that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records (such as age, sex, and marital status) are termed biographical characteristics. Easy; p. 37) 66. The relationship between age and job performance is likely to be an issue of increasing importance during the next decade. Moderat p. 38) 67. Recent American legislation makes it easier for a company to enforce mandatory retirement. ( Moderat p. 38) 68. Age and turnover rates are directly related. ( Moderat p. 38) 69. Age and avoidable absences are positively related. ( Moderat p. 38) 70. Productivity declines with age. ( Challenging; p. 38) 71. Age and job satisfaction are related for professional workers. Challenging; p. 39) 72. It is best to assume that there are not significant differences as to job productivity between males and females. Easy; p. 39) 73. Men have a higher rate of absenteeism than women. ( Easy; p. 39) 74. Working mothers are more likely to prefer part-time work, flexible work schedules, and telecommuting. Easy; p. 39) 75. Women have higher absenteeism rates than men do. Easy; p. 39) 76. Married employees tend to be more satisfied with their jobs than single employees. Easy; pp. 39-40) 77. Married employees tend to have higher turnover rates than single employees. ( Moderat pp. 39-40) 78. People who have been on a job longer are more productive than those with less seniority. Moderat p. 40) 79. Seniority is negatively related to absenteeism. Moderat p. 40) 80. Seniority is negatively related to turnover and is one of the single best predictors of turnover. Challenging; p. 40) 81. Tenure and satisfaction are negatively related. ( Moderat p. 40) Ability 82. Everyone has strengths and weaknesses in terms of ability that make them relatively superior or inferior to others in performing certain tasks or activities. Moderat p. 40) 83. Ability is the assessment of what one will do. ( Easy; p. 40) 84. An individual’s overall abilities are essentially made up of two sets of factors: intellectual and physical abilities. Moderat p. 40) 85. It is now illegal for employers to use IQ tests for employment selection. ( Moderat p. 40) 86. A high IQ is a prerequisite for all jobs. ( Easy; p. 41) 87. Tests that measure specific dimensions of intelligence have been found to be strong predictors of future job performance. Moderat p. 41) 88. Mental ability tests used for selection, promotion, training, and similar personnel decisions may have a negative impact on racial and ethnic groups. Challenging; p. 41) 89. Stamina, dexterity, and strength are dimensions of intellectual ability. ( Easy; Exh. 2-2; p. 42) 90. Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify, understand, and manage emotions. Moderat p. 42) 91. The multiple intelligence line of inquiry holds little promise. ( Easy; p. 42) 92. Employee performance is enhanced when there is a high ability-job fit. Easy; p. 42) 93. Individuals who have a high score on one dimension of physical ability will almost always score high on the other dimensions. ( Moderat p. 42) Learning 94. Learning consists of any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. Easy; p. 43) 95. One can easily observe others learning. ( Easy; p. 43) 96. Classical conditioning grew out of the work of B.F. Skinner. ( Moderat p. 44) 97. Pavlov taught dogs to salivate in response to the ringing of a bell. Easy; p. 44) 98. The meat in Pavlov’s experiment was an unconditioned stimulus. Moderat p. 44) 99. Learning a conditioned response involves building up an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. Challenging; p. 44) 100. Operant conditioning can be used to explain why Christmas carols often bring back pleasant memories of childhood. ( Challenging; p. 44) 101. Classical conditioning is passive. Moderat p. 45) 102. Classical conditioning can explain simple reflexive behaviors. Moderat p. 45) 103. What Pavlov did for operant conditioning, Skinner did for classical conditioning. ( Challenging; p. 46) 104. Operant behavior means voluntary or learned behavior in contrast to reflexive or unlearned behavior. Challenging; p. 45) 105. According to operant conditioning, behavior is assumed to be determined from without. Moderat p. 46) 106. Your supervisor has explained that he will positively reward those who take extra effort to see that their jobs are done well. You should suspect he has read the work of B.F. Skinner. Easy; p. 46) 107. Rewards are most effective if they are delayed following the desired response. ( Moderat p. 46) 108. Learning through observation and direct experience has been called classical conditioning. ( Easy; p. 46) 109. The old adage “you can’t teach an old dog new tricks” is definitely true. ( Easy; p. 47) 110. Older workers are not as capable of learning as other employee groups. ( Moderat p. 47) 111. One method of shaping behavior is called positive reinforcement and refers to a response being followed with something pleasant. Moderat p. 47) 112. Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior is called punishment. ( Moderat pp. 47-48) 113. Both positive and negative reinforcement result in learning. Easy; p. 48) 114. Both punishment and extinction weaken behavior and tend to decrease its subsequent frequency. Challenging; p. 48) 115. Some type of reinforcement is necessary to produce a change in behavior. Easy; p. 49) 116. A continuous reinforcement schedule reinforces the desired behavior each and every time it is demonstrated. Easy; p. 49) 117. A piece-rate incentive plan is an example of a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement. ( Moderat p. 49) 118. Salespeople on commission are examples of individuals on a variable-ratio schedule. Moderat p. 50) 119. Evidence indicates that the variable form of reinforcement leads to early satiation. ( Challenging; p. 50) 120. In the typical OB Mod program, everything an employee does on his or her job is equally important in terms of performance outcomes. ( Moderat p. 51) 121. The first step in OB Mod is to identify critical behaviors impacting the employee’s performance. Moderat p. 52) 122. Organizations with paid sick leave programs experience approximately one-half the absenteeism of organizations without such programs. ( Moderat p. 53) 123. Discipline is very effective in producing long-term change in employee behavior. ( Moderat p. 53) 124. Discipline tends to be popular because of its ability to produce fast results in the short run. Easy; p. 53) 125. Organizations can use social-learning theory to design training programs. Easy; pp. 53-54) 126. Self-management requires an individual to deliberately manipulate stimuli, internal processes, and responses to achieve personal behavioral outcomes. Moderat p. 54) SCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONS Application of Biographical Characteristics Your division is made up of four people with very different biological characteristics. Gina is 27 years old, single and female. She has been with the company only six months. Robert is 33 years old and married and has been with the firm since he graduated from college. Jonathan is 63 years old and a widower. Jonathan has been with the company for thirty years. Sally is a single mother with four children who has been working here for five years. 127. You would expect that the lowest rate of avoidable absence will be: a. Robert’s. b. Sally’s. c. Gina’s. d. Jonathan’s. ( Moderat pp. 37-40) 128. You would expect to be the first employee to choose telecommuting or a flexible work schedule. a. Jonathan b. Sally c. Gina d. Robert ( Moderat pp. 37-40) 129. You would expect Robert, because he is , will be more satisfied with his job than his coworkers. a. married b. middle aged c. college educated d. a father ( Challenging; pp. 37-40) 130. You would believe that is the least likely to quit his or her job. a. Gina b. Robert c. Jonathan d. Sally ( Moderat pp. 37-40) Application of Ability-Job Fit Martin has just been appointed as Director of Career Services for a small community college. He has decided to consider the particular dimensions of intellectual ability that each student has to try to place him or her in an appropriate position. 131. Gary is a marketing major and has decided that he wants to be a Market Researcher. The ability that he will need most is: a. number aptitude. b. perceptual speed. c. inductive reasoning. d. deductive reasoning. ( Challenging; Exh. 2-1; pp. 42-43) 132. Martha is interested in a career in interior decorating. The intellectual ability that she will need most is: a. number aptitude. b. perceptual speed. c. spatial visualization. d. deductive reasoning. ( Moderat Exh. 2-1; pp. 42-43) 133. You have just met Ted. Ted has returned to college after a successful career as a fire investigator. Ted probably has the intellectual ability that is termed: a. number aptitude. b. perceptual speed. c. inductive reasoning. d. deductive reasoning. ( Challenging; Exh. 2-1; pp. 42-43) 134. Martin’s own supervisor cannot seem to make a choice when two different suggestions are offered by her employees. Martin suspects that his supervisor is not strong in the ability termed: a. number aptitude. b. perceptual speed. c. inductive reasoning. d. deductive reasoning. ( Challenging; Exh. 2-1; pp. 42-43) Application of Learning Theory—Shaping Behavior You are the first-line supervisor for a group of employees who make green widgets. Their job is not terribly interesting or challenging and you have noticed that they are frequently tardy returning from their breaks. You have studied the concept of shaping behavior and decide that you will try to apply it to this situation. 135. You praise Allen for returning on time from break. This is an example of: a. negative reinforcement. b. positive reinforcement. c. extinction. d. social learning. ( Moderat pp. 47-49) 136. You want Allison to take an accounting course so that she can help with the bookkeeping. Allison does not want to go to night school to take the course and has been resisting. You know that her least favorite duty is preparing payroll. You tell her that she will be doing payroll until she takes the accounting course. This is an example of: a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. punishment. d. extinction. ( Challenging; pp. 47-49) 137. Sam is late coming back to work again and you reduce his pay by a half hour’s wages. This is an example of: a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. punishment. d. extinction. ( Moderat pp. 47-49) Application of Different Schedules of Reinforcement You have decided to experiment with the relationship between reinforcement schedules and maintaining desired employee behavior. You are interested in observing the differences between continuous and intermittent reinforcement and between the various types of intermittent reinforcement schedules. 138. Veronica is paid $10.00 per dozen widgets that she produces. This is an example of: a. intermittent, fixed-interval reinforcement. b. continuous reinforcement. c. intermittent, variable-interval reinforcement. d. negative reinforcement. ( Moderat pp. 49-50) 139. Gerald is a staff accountant who is visited several times a year by the corporate auditor. These visits are unannounced. This is an example of: a. intermittent, fixed-interval reinforcement. b. continuous reinforcement. c. intermittent, variable-interval reinforcement. d. negative reinforcement. ( Moderat pp. 49-50) 140. John’s attendance has historically been unreliable and you have decided to use reinforcement to compliment him when his attendance record shows improvement. The most effective schedule of reinforcement will probably be: a. variable-interval intermittent. b. fixed-interval intermittent. c. continuous. d. punishment-based. ( Challenging; pp. 49-50) 141. You know that the reinforcement schedule that your firm chooses for compensation will have an impact on the behavior of the employees. Which of the following is not true based on available research? a. Continuous reinforcement schedules can lead to early satiation. b. Continuous reinforcement schedules are appropriate for newly emitted, unstable, or low- frequency responses. c. Variable schedules do not clearly link performance and rewards. d. Fixed schedules tend to lead to higher performance than variable schedules. ( Challenging; pp. 49-50) Application of Behavior Modification Your manager has read about the now-classic study of Emery’s use of OB Mod. He was impressed by the savings to the company of $2 million over a three-year period. He has announced that he is implementing an OB Mod program. 142. You can expect to see the application of in the work setting. a. reinforcement concepts to individuals b. open book management c. additional stock option plans d. a cafeteria benefit plan ( Challenging; p. 51) 143. The first step that your manager is likely to take is: a. identifying behavioral consequences. b. identifying critical behaviors. c. evaluating performance improvement. d. developing baseline data. ( Challenging; pp.51-52) 144. In the first step of the OB Mod program, your manager will most likely be attempting to identify those five to ten percent of behaviors that may account for up to percent of each employee’s performance. a. 20-25 b. 40-50 c. 60-70 d. 70-80 ( Challenging; pp. 51-52) SHORT DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 145. Briefly discuss whether women perform as well in the workplace as men. (Page 39) 146. Why is the relationship between age and job performance likely to be an issue of increasing importance during the next decade? (Pages 37-38) 147. What is the relationship between job satisfaction and the following biological characteristics: age, gender, marital status, and tenure? (Pages 37-40) 148. What are the four sub-parts of intelligence? (Pages 40-42) identify, understand, and manage emotions. And cultural intelligence is awareness of cross-cultural differences and the ability to successfully function in cross-cultural situations. 149. What prediction can you make when the ability-job fit is poor? (Page 43) 150. How can managers shape employee behavior? (Pages 47-48) 151. Give an example of a fixed-ratio schedule for paying employees and an example of a variable-ratio schedule for payment. (Page 50) 152. How might a lottery be used to reduce absenteeism? (Page 53) MEDIUM LENGTH DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 153. What is the relationship between age and productivity, turnover and satisfaction? (Pages 37-39) 154. What is ability? What are the two sets of factors comprising ability? (Pages 40-43) 155. Identify the five steps of a typical OB Mod program. (Page 52) COMPREHENSIVE ESSAYS 156. Discuss classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. (Pages 44-47) 157. Discuss the four processes management should include when creating employee training programs. (Pages 52-54) Chapter 3 Values, Attitudes, and Job Satisfaction MULTIPLE CHOICE Values 1. represent basic convictions that “a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct.” a. Values b. Attitudes c. Convictions d. Preferences ( Moderat p. 63) 2. The content attribute states a value is: a. complete. b. important. c. a basic conviction. d. related to behavior. ( Moderat p. 63) 3. When we rank an individual’s values in terms of his/her , we obtain the person’s value system. a. intensity b. content c. context d. social acceptance ( Moderat p. 63) 4. Values are best described as: a. flexible. b. synonymous with attitudes. c. consistent among occupational groups. d. fairly stable over time. ( Moderat p. 64) 5. Rokeach studied instrumental values and: a. terminal values. b. attitudes. c. ethical decision making. d. speed of decision making. ( Moderat p. 64) 6. Rokeach found that the instrumental value of ambitious (hardworking and aspiring) people was related to the terminal value of: a. a comfortable life. b. freedom. c. happiness. d. self-respect. ( Challenging; Exh. 3-1; p. 65) 7. According to Rokeach, a. instrumental b. aesthetic c. theoretical d. terminal ( Moderat p. 64) values refer to desirable end-states of existence. 8. Which of the following was ranked as the highest terminal value by executives? a. family security b. self-respect c. equality d. freedom ( Challenging; Exh. 3-2; p. 65) 9. Frederick and Weber compiled a list of values that are held by different organizational groups. Which of the following groups ranked “honest” as the highest instrumental value? a. union members and activists b. executives and union members c. executives and activists d. existentials ( Challenging; Exh. 3-2; p. 65) 10. Which category of dominant work values is likely to characterize a 60-year-old employee? a. pragmatism b. egalitarianism c. existentialism d. Protestant work ethic ( Challenging; Exh. 3-3; p. 65) 11. At which age is an employee most likely to be characterized by values that place high loyalty on career? a. 30 b. 40 c. 50 d. 60 ( Challenging; p. 66) 12. Those individuals whose lives have been shaped by globalization, MTV, AIDS, and computers; who value flexibility, life options and the achievement of job satisfaction, are referred to as the: a. Veterans. b. Boomers. c. Nexters. d. Xers. ( Easy; p. 66) 13. Throughout the mid-1970s, the managerial ranks were dominated by Veterans, whose loyalties were to their employer. When faced with ethical dilemmas, their decisions were made in terms of: a. what was best for their organization. b. what was best for their family. c. what was best for society. d. what was best for them on an individual basis. ( Moderat p. 68) 14. tended to be loyal to their employer. a. Veterans. b. Boomers. c. Nexters. d. Xers. ( Moderat Exh. 3-3; p. 66) 15. entered the work force from the mid-1960s through the mid-1980s. a. Veterans. b. Boomers. c. Nexters. d. Xers. ( Moderat Exh. 3-3; p. 66) 16. The most recent entrants to the workforce are: a. Veterans. b. Boomers. c. Nexters. d. Xers. ( Moderat p. 67) 17. The loyalty of is to their careers. a. Veterans. b. Boomers. c. Nexters. d. Xers. ( Moderat p. 68) 18. A comprehensive analysis of cultural diversity has been done by: a. Maslow. b. Hofstede. c. McGregor. d. Follett. ( Moderat p. 68) 19. Which of the following is not one of Hofstede’s five dimensions of national culture? a. power distance b. language proficiency c. quantity of life vs. quality of life d. long-term orientation ( Challenging; pp. 68-69) 20. The measure of the extent to which people in a country accept the fact that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally is called: a. institutional distribution theory. b. collectivism. c. power distance. d. quantity of life. ( Moderat p. 68) 21. Cultures that emphasize value relationships and show sensitivity and concern for the welfare of others. a. quantity of life b. quality of life c. power distance d. collectivism ( Challenging; p. 68) 22. Capitalism, which values aggressiveness and acquisition of material goods, is consistent with Hofstede’s characteristics. a. collectivism b. quality of life c. quantity of life d. hierarchical ( Challenging; p. 68) 23. If Hofstede’s study on national culture were to be updated, which of the following would most likely be true? a. China would now rank low on power distance. b. Mexico would have a stronger emphasis on collectivism. c. The United States would have a higher power distance. d. The United States would have shifted from an emphasis on quantity of life to an emphasis on quality of life. ( Challenging; p. 68) 24. is the equivalent of low individualism. a. Collectivism b. Power distance c. Long-term orientation d. Uncertainty avoidance ( Easy; p. 69) 25. is the degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations. a. Collectivism b. Power distance c. Long-term orientation d. Uncertainty avoidance ( Easy; p. 69) 26. Which of the following is not one of the cultural dimensions identified by the GLOBE team? a. assertiveness b. future orientation c. humane orientation d. societal institutions ( Moderat pp. 69-70) 27. Which of the following cultural dimensions was identified by GLOBE, but not Hofstede? a. uncertainty avoidance b. power distance c. performance orientation d. individualism/collectivism ( Moderat pp 69-70) 28. According to the GLOBE team, encompasses the extent to which members of a society take pride in membership in small groups. a. in-group collectivism b. individualism/collectivism c. performance orientation d. human orientation ( Challenging; p. 69) Attitudes 29. In contrasting values and attitudes, which one of the following is true? a. They come from different sources. b. There is no significant correlation between the two. c. Attitudes are more stable than values. d. Values are more stable than attitudes. ( Challenging; p. 71) 30. The belief that “discrimination is wrong” is a value statement. Such an opinion is the component of an attitude. a. cognitive b. affective c. reactive d. behavioral ( Challenging; p. 71) 31. The component is the emotional or feeling segment of an attitude. a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. evaluative ( Moderat p. 71) 32. The component of an attitude refers to an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something. a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. evaluative ( Moderat p. 71) 33. Which one of the following is not an attitude? a. job productivity b. job satisfaction c. job involvement d. organizational commitment ( Easy; p. 71) 34. The degree to which a person identifies with his or her job, actively participates in it, and considers his or her performance important to self-worth is: a. job satisfaction. b. job involvement. c. job stability. d. organizational commitment. ( Moderat p. 72) 35. refers to an individual’s general attitude toward his or her job. a. Job satisfaction b. Job involvement c. Job stability d. Organizational commitment ( Moderat p. 72) 36. Job involvement is best defined as a worker’s:

Assignment 1.1: Industrialization After the Civil War Thesis and Outline(Perfect and Plagiarism free work) Assignment 1.1: Industrialization After the Civil War Thesis and Outline Due Week 3 and worth 70 points After the Civil War, the United States became a much more industrialized society. Between 1865 and 1920, industrialization improved American life in many ways. However, industrialization also created problems for American society. Consider events that took place after the Civil War and discuss ways that industrialization affected the U.S. between 1865 and 1920. Part 1: Write a thesis statement that is one to two (1-2) sentences long in which you: State your thesis on how industrialization after the Civil War influenced U.S. society, economy, and politics. Justify your response. For the first part of this assignment you will create a thesis statement. A thesis statement is usually a single sentence somewhere in your first paragraph that presents your main idea to the reader. The body of the essay organizes the material you gather and present in support of your main idea. Keep in mind that a thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself. (Note: Please consult the Purdue OWL Website with tips on how to construct a proper thesis; the website can be found at: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/545/01/ Part 2: For the next part of this assignment you will create an outline of the main points you want to address in this paper. This outline will serve as the basis for your Assignment 1.2 Final Draft. (Note: Please use the Purdue Owl Website to assist you with this assignment; this website can be accessed at: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/engagement/2/2/55/ Write a one to two (1-2) page outline in which you: List three (3) major aspects of industrialization between 1865 and 1920. In your response, consider society, the economy, and politics. List five (5) specific groups that were affected by industrialization. Provide two (2) examples for each group describing how the group was affected. (Consider issues such as race, ethnicity, gender, child labor, etc.) List five (5) ways that industrialization affected the life of the average working American during this period. Use at least three (3) academic references besides or in addition to the textbook. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: Identify and discuss the different ways that the Civil War, Reconstruction, and Industrialization after the Civil War have shaped America’s history. Summarize and discuss the ways that formal policies of government have influenced the direction of historical and social development in the United States. Recognize the major turning points in American history since the Civil War. Use technology and information resources to research issues in contemporary U.S. history. Write clearly and concisely about contemporary U.S. history using proper writing mechanics.

POLSCI 330 Week 4 Quiz Complete Solution Question Q1: (TCO 3) Explain which individuals have the most influence on politics via interest groups. Student Answer: Women The elderly A wide variety of people Rich individuals Instructor Explanation: Chapter 10, page 156 Points Received: 3 of 3 Comments: Question 2. (TCO 3) Why did the 2010 healthcare reform bill contain no provision for public insurance options? Student Answer: The insurance industry blocked the Democrats efforts for a public option. The people had no desire for a public option. Democrats were not interested in a public option. Farmers, heavily invested in the insurance industry, blocked them Instructor Explanation: Chapter 10, page 157 Points Received: 0 of 3 Comments: Question 3. Question : (TCO 3) Many interest groups are brought about by government, insofar as they are _____. Student Answer: associated with government programs funded largely by the government almost exclusively based in the nation’s capital usually formed by former politicians Instructor Explanation: Chapter 10, page 158 Points Received: 3 of 3 Comments: Question 4. Question : (TCO 3) In countries where _____, the courts become an arena of interest-group contention. Student Answer: public defenders are unavailable the rule of law is strong judges have little power the rule of law is weak Instructor Explanation: Chapter 10, page 165 Points Received: 0 of 3 Comments: Question 5. Question : (TCO 3) Which of the following is a function of political parties? Student Answer: Parties limit voters’ choices by narrowing the playing field. Parties function as an input device, allowing citizens to get their needs heard. Parties decide the issues for televised political debates. Parties nominate candidates, thereby increasing voter efficacy. Instructor Explanation: Chapter 11, page 173 Points Received: 3 of 3 Comments: Question 6. Question : (TCO 3) Why does proportional representation (PR) allow and even encourage parties to split? Student Answer: PR systems assign parliamentary seats in proportion to the percentage of votes in that district. PR systems designate representation on a flat regional basis. PR systems allow only a simple plurality to win. Voters in PR systems tend to be less loyal to their parties. Instructor Explanation: Chapter 11, page 184 Points Received: 3 of 3 Comments: Question 7. Question : (TCO 3) Today’s voters tend to be _____ loyal to their parties compared to the past. Student Answer: more less similarly equally Instructor Explanation: Chapter 11, page 185 Points Received: 3 of 3 Comments: Question 8. Question : (TCO 3) What do you think might be a side effect of or a cause of nations with very high voter turnout having that level of turnout? Student Answer: They may have a kind of political fever in which partisan politics has become too intense. They likely play host to elections in which indistinct personalities and a relatively unified electorate bring out more voters. They probably don’t offer automatic voter registration. They usually have mandatory voting. Instructor Explanation: Chapter 12, page 188 Points Received: 3 of 3 Comments: Question 9. Question : (TCO 3) What was the relationship between African American voting rates and Barack Obama’s run for president? Student Answer: African American voting rates rose to those of white voters as African American income and education levels rose. African American voting rates unexpectedly remained far below those of white voters as African American income and education levels remained steady. African American voting rates rose to those of Hispanic voters as African American income and education levels rose. African American voting rates fell unexpectedly below those of white voters despite African American income and education levels rising. Instructor Explanation: Chapter 12, page 190 Points Received: 3 of 3 Comments: Question 10. Question : (TCO 3) Why might factory workers in small towns feel a different sense of the stakes elections hold than executives and professionals? Student Answer: Factory workers in small towns may perceive a great deal of difference between candidates, noticing considerable change from one administration to another, and executives and professionals feel generally less involved but still perceive a direct correlation between who wins and their personal fortunes. Factory workers in small towns may perceive little difference between candidates, noticing little change from one administration to another, and although executives and professionals share this sense of noticing little change from one administration to another, they still perceive a direct correlation between who wins and their personal fortunes. Factory workers in small towns may perceive little difference between candidates, noticing little change from one administration to another, and executives and professionals feel involved and perceive a direct correlation between who wins and their personal fortunes. Executives and professionals may perceive little difference between candidates, noticing little change from one administration to another, and factory workers in small towns feel involved and perceive a direct correlation between who wins and their personal incomes. Instructor Explanation: Chapter 12, page 189 Points Received: 3 of 3 Comments:

POLI330 All Week Quizes Latest 2017 POLI330 Week 1 Quiz Question 1 3 / 3 pts (TCO 1) Anthropology applies most to political science based on which example? People are born with predispositions towards conservative or liberal views. People join groups because they have innate desires to be with others. Many ruling families maintained power by passing down their authority from one generation to the next. Power typically ends up with those with the most resources. Chapter 1, page 6 Question 2 3 / 3 pts (TCO 1) Which of the following did Machiavelli contribute to the study of politics? Social contract theory The role of power in politics The role of wealth in society The connection between race and politics Chapter 1, page 7 Question 3 3 / 3 pts (TCO 1) When people base their views on beliefs that may not be based in reality, they are behaving _____. irrationally rationally politically legitimately Question 4 0 / 3 pts (TCO 1) Which of the following best exemplifies sovereignty? The United States negotiating a trade agreement with Canada The people of France acknowledging the authority of their president Israel asserting jurisdiction over the Gaza Strip President Obama having the support of the people who elected him Question 5 3 / 3 pts (TCO 1) The notion that you respect the United States Congress, even though it is controlled by a party with which you do not agree, pertains to _____. sovereignty authority legitimacy monarchy Question 6 3 / 3 pts (TCO 1) A(n) _____ is an initial theory a researcher starts with to be proved with evidence. quantify hypothesis qualify empirical Question 7 3 / 3 pts (TCO 1) When scholars consider various approaches to studying a given topic, they are most concerned with _____. reason balance theory rationality Question 8 0 / 3 pts (TCO 1) Relating concepts in a way that connects them in an empirical manner is the basis of _____ building. scholarship theory power culture Question 9 3 / 3 pts (TCO 1) The subfield of _____ studies major thinkers and attempts to define the good polity. public administration comparative politics public policy political theory Question 10 0 / 3 pts (TCO 1) Which are both true for most political scientists? They think practically and seek accuracy. They seek popularity and are skeptical of power. They offer single causes and think abstractly. They are skeptical of power and offer long-term consequences. POLI330 Week 2 Quiz Question 1 3 / 3 pts (TCO 6) Aristotle argued that the best political communities would be _____. dominated by wealthy citizens oligarchies formed by elites formed by citizens of the middle class Question 2 0 / 3 pts (TCO 6) Which of the following was of greatest concern to John Locke? Freedom of speech for all You Answered Power residing with the proletariat The right to property Voting rights Question 3 3 / 3 pts (TCO 6) If _____ were alive, he might suggest that poor academic performance in schools could be attributed to a society that does not promote education and provides few resources devoted to schools. John Locke Jean-Jacques Rousseau Thomas Hobbes Niccolo Machiavelli Question 4 3 / 3 pts (TCO 6) Which of the following would most likely be supported by the bourgeoisie? Equality for all A revolt by the proletariat Minority rights Conflict for economic gain Question 5 3 / 3 pts (TCO 6) Which statement best supports Marxist theories? The United States provides ample opportunities for all who work hard. Similarities exist between economies in both Europe and the United States. Tax breaks will often create jobs, benefiting the working class. Uneven benefits to corporations with few benefits for workers led to the economic crises in the early 2000s. Question 6 3 / 3 pts (TCO 6) Adam Smith is most associated with which concept? Socialism Modern liberalism Classic liberalism Communism Question 7 0 / 3 pts (TCO 6) Thomas Hill Green might agree with which of the following? No one is forced to take a job he or she doesn’t like. Unions are necessary to protect workers against business owners. Taxes should benefit business owners because they allow owners to hire more workers. Markets regulate themselves. Question 8 3 / 3 pts (TCO 6) Modern conservatism adopts elements of which of the following? Economic views from Edmund Burke and social views from Adam Smith Economic and social views from Adam Smith Economic views from Adam Smith and social views from Thomas Hill Green Economic views from Adam Smith and social views from Edmund Burke Question 9 3 / 3 pts (TCO 6) Libertarians would like the original thoughts of _____. Karl Marx Adam Smith T. H. Green Titoism Question 10 3 / 3 pts (TCO 6) _____ is an extreme form of nationalism. Liberalism Conservatism Socialism Fascism POLI330 Week 3 Quiz Question 1 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) A(n) _____ is a political system without a monarch. institution monarchy state republic Question 2 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) To Aristotle, the corrupt form of monarchy is _____. democracy tyranny polity oligarchy Question 3 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) Which of the following might lead you to believe Great Britain has a quasiunitary system of government? Scotland has gained autonomy over some policy areas. Scotland remains under British control on all matters. Great Britain has a federal system of government. Great Britain has a confederal system of government. Question 4 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) In a single-member district election, the winner receives a minimum of _____. a plurality of the votes 50% of the votes two-thirds of the votes three-fourths of the votes Question 5 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) If the Green Party receives 15% of the vote in a proportional system, which of the following is likely to happen? The Green Party would receive no seats. The Green Party would try to form a coalition with other parties. The Green Party would attempt to gerrymander districts to its advantage. The Green Party would demand a recount of the votes. Question 6 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) In a _____ system, the government owns little or no industry and redistributes little in welfare programs. majoritarian proportional socialist laissez-faire Question 7 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) Judicial activism refers to _____. liberal judges conservative judges judicial restraint by judges willingness to override legislatures Question 8 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) Though rare, a “true” democracy, is a system in which _____. all citizens meet periodically to elect officials all citizens meet periodically to elect officials and personally enact laws popular accountability is common, but political competition is extremely limited the wealthy almost always have greater influence than the poor Question 9 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) Right-wing totalitarianism does not desire revolution; instead, it attempts to block _____. a leftist revolution ethnic turmoil an Islamic fundamentalist movement a libertarian revolution Question 10 3 / 3 pts (TCO 2) What are features of an all-encompassing ideology? An official theory of history and economics, a portrayal of the world in black-and-white terms, and acceptance of an imperfect society An official theory of history and economics, a portrayal of the world in black-and-white terms, and claims of a perfect society An eclectic sense of history and economics, a portrayal of the world in complex terms, and claims of a perfect society An official theory of history and economics, a portrayal of the world in complex terms, and claims of a perfect society POLI330 Week 4 Quiz Question 1 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) What group or groups do interest groups over represent? The wealthy and specialized interest groups Businesses and nonprofit organizations The wealthy and businesses The larger interest groups and specialized interest groups Question 2 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) Why did the 2010 healthcare reform bill contain no provision for public insurance options? The insurance industry blocked the Democrats' efforts for a public option. The people had no desire for a public option. Democrats were not interested in a public option. Farmers, heavily invested in the insurance industry, blocked them Question 3 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) A great deal of legislation originates in _____. economic downturns corporate boardrooms specialized agencies secret Question 4 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) In countries where _____, the courts become an arena of interest-group contention public defenders are unavailable the rule of law is strong judges have little power the rule of law is weak Question 5 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) By welcoming new groups into their ranks, parties _____. rob those groups of their individual interests and concerns give groups a pragmatic and psychological stake in the overall political system establish a monocultural dependence on the party system enhance political hegemony by disenfranchising voters outside of these groups Question 6 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) Why does proportional representation (PR) allow and even encourage parties to split? PR systems assign parliamentary seats in proportion to the percentage of votes in that district. PR systems designate representation on a flat regional basis. PR systems allow only a simple plurality to win. Voters in PR systems tend to be less loyal to their parties. Question 7 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) Today’s voters tend to be _____ loyal to their parties compared to the past. more less similarly equally Question 8 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) _____ gives people a stake in election outcomes, and education raises levels of interest and sophistication. Life in the suburbs Family tradition Nationalism High income Question 9 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) What was the relationship between African American voting rates and Barack Obama’s run for president? African American voting rates rose to those of white voters as African American income and education levels rose. African American voting rates unexpectedly remained far below those of white voters as African American income and education levels remained steady. African American voting rates rose to those of Hispanic voters as African American income and education levels rose. African American voting rates fell unexpectedly below those of white voters despite African American income and education levels rising. Question 10 3 / 3 pts (TCO 3) Why is it that in most of the world, cities have higher turnouts than rural areas? Partly because those who live rurally tend to feel less enfranchised Partly because urbanites have higher education levels on average Partly because people who have lived in the same place are less likely to vote than are transients or newcomers Partly because men tend to vote more than women POLI330 Week 5 Quiz Question 1 3 / 3 pts (TCO 5) Because they were often at war, ambitious European monarchs desperately needed revenues. Some of them started calling assemblies of notables to levy taxes. In return for their “power of the purse,” these assemblies received a modest input into royal policies.Such were the beginnings of the _____. American Congress French Estates General British Parliament Swedish Riksdag Question 2 3 / 3 pts (TCO 5) Countries with limits on government have usually had feudal pasts, which suggests what about the dispersion of power? Equal distribution of power is the only effective political structure. Power must be distributed by the working class. Power should be concentrated among the lower classes. Dispersion of power is good and concentration of power is bad. Question 3 3 / 3 pts (TCO 5) In a parliamentary system, voters directly elect _____. members of parliament and the prime minister members of parliament and the ministerial cabinet members of parliament only the prime minister only Question 4 3 / 3 pts (TCO 5) Voters receive the most direct representation in which system? Parliamentary Presidential Electoral Coalition Question 5 3 / 3 pts (TCO 5) The head of ministry is equivalent to the _____ in the United States. chief of government head of state departmental secretary premier Question 6 3 / 3 pts (TCO 5) When it comes to electing officials, which factor matters the most to voters in both presidential and parliamentary elections? Party affiliation Political ideologies Money invested in campaign Personality Question 7 3 / 3 pts (TCO 4) Unlike natural law, positive law uses _____. the spirit of the law to make determinations books to reach conclusions judicial sentencing to determine case outcomes jury selection to manipulate judgment Question 8 3 / 3 pts (TCO 4) What is the U.S. Supreme Court ruling regarding state obligation to international treaties? States maintain the right to select which treaties they will observe. States have no obligation to observe international treaties. States must observe international treaties ratified by the United States. States must observe international treaties ratified by state legislatures. Question 9 3 / 3 pts (TCO 4) Who nominates and approves federal judges in the U.S. court system? The president and the Senate The Senate and the House The President and speaker of the House The Senate and the secretary of state Question 10 3 / 3 pts (TCO 4) Which of the following best articulates the stance of judicial restraint advocates? Judicial review is the best and only true method of checking legislative power. The court should practice restraint in cases in which legislative acts are presented for interpretation. Only the executive branch can restrain the court, keeping the power of judicial review in balance with the other governing branches. Only Congress should make public policy and, unless a legislative act clearly violates the Constitution, the law should stand. POLI330 Week 6 Quiz Question 1 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) Radicals use the term “political economy” instead of _____ to describe their critique of capitalism and the inequitable distribution of wealth among nations. Marxism laissez-faire public choice Keynesian Question 2 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) Describe British economist John Maynard Keynes’ proposal to cure economic depressions. Keynes suggested infusing the economy with government funds to promote spending. Keynes advocated for “trickle-down” economic policies. Keynes argued for stronger stimulus packages to corporations and small businesses. Keynes proposed to cure depressions by dampening the swings of the business cycle. Question 3 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) During the 1970s, critics developed this new term to describe inflation with stagnant economic growth. Growth Slope Quagmire Stagflation Recession Question 4 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) Between 1965 and 1973, the percentage of Americans living below the poverty line _____. doubled greatly decreased slightly increased rapidly increased Question 5 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) Which U.S. President is responsible for implementing the Food Stamp program nationwide? John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Jimmy Carter Question 6 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) Which of the following is an increasing financial concern of the Medicare program? The proportion of older people in American society is increasing steadily. Every American citizen obtains Medicare on reaching age 65, regardless of class. Economic inequality renders Medicare more necessary for some than for others. Wealthy Americans are taking advantage of the Medicare system. Question 7 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) Many Americans think the federal budget goes primarily toward welfare, which is _____. absolutely true somewhat exaggerated not at all the case slightly offensive Question 8 0 / 3 pts (TCO 7) Compare American and Canadian views on the size of government. Americans believe the government is too small, and Canadians feel that government intrudes on individual privacy. America and Canada are similar nations located in North America, and both Americans and Canadians feel that government is too large. Americans and Canadians generally agree that government should be larger, funding welfare programs such as Medicaid and Food Stamps. Many Americans believe government is too large, and Canadians recognize that government has a pivotal role to play and accept higher taxes. Question 9 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) What was the poverty line in 2012? $14,505 $17,060 $23,050 $26,750 Question 10 3 / 3 pts (TCO 7) Many conservative economists argue that some banks are _____, because they would topple the rest of the economy with them. inherently successful too big to fail destined for profit practically invincible POLI330 Week 7 Quiz Question 1 3 / 3 pts (TCO 9) Rarely the work of small bands and conspirators alone, _____ are usually the result of system collapse, which permits small but well-organized groups (often military) to take over. erosions of legitimacy acts of genocide dictatorships coups d’état Question 2 3 / 3 pts (TCO 9) Describe what can often happen in a changing society when, during times of prosperity, some people get rich faster than others. Jealousy is aroused. Politicians pay more attention to poverty. The very poor revolt. Economists become confused. Question 3 3 / 3 pts (TCO 9) How is high unemployment relevant to civil conflict? Unemployed young men incline naturally to unrest. The unemployed tend to be passive, keeping civil conflict at bay. Unemployed mothers, desperate for their children, tend to take to the streets. The unemployed tend to be uninformed about politics, and therefore rarely take part in civil conflict. Question 4 3 / 3 pts (TCO 9) What are the aims of terrorists via their calculated acts of terrorism? To panic their enemies, to gain publicity and recruits, and to get the foe to overreact and drive more people to side with the terrorists To destroy as much of the economic strength of a nation as possible To kill national leaders To kill their enemies, to gain recruits, and to get the UN to overreact and cause more people to side with the terrorists Question 5 3 / 3 pts (TCO 9) What is the crux of radical revolutionary thinking? An economic plan to back up political ideas Belief that it is possible to remake society Belief that violence is the key to change A purely ideological motive Question 6 0 / 3 pts (TCO 8) In theory, what is the role of foreign powers in relation to sovereign states? You Answered Foreign nations maintain satellite rule. Foreign powers “keep their fingers” in the sovereign’s politics. Foreign states have no business intruding on sovereign affairs. Foreign powers provide financial aid in times of crisis. Question 7 3 / 3 pts (TCO 8) Most countries participate in _____, a largely capitalistic competition where goods, money, and ideas flow easily to wherever there are customers. the world market free-trade agreements nontariff barriers plurilateral agreements Question 8 3 / 3 pts (TCO 8) A big war with a definitive outcome often brings peace because _____. relative power is clearly seen power struggles are safely obscured weaker powers are rendered impotent larger powers rest satisfied Question 9 3 / 3 pts (TCO 8) Identify one major flaw in the current organization of the United Nations. Larger nations maintain greater influence over world financial issues. The organization receives support from the International Monetary Fund with no real way to repay those funds. The U.N. has too much power and thus maintains strict authority over international security matters. Permanent members of the Security Council maintain the right to veto anything they dislike. Question 10 0 / 3 pts (TCO 8) Evaluate the changing role of sovereignty in today’s international relations. International relations have reinforced the notion of sovereignty. Sovereignty is dwindling in the face of international law. Weaker nations are losing sovereignty to larger, more powerful ones. United States sovereignty has weakened due to the threat of terrorism.

Assignment 1.1: Industrialization After the Civil War Thesis and Outline After the Civil War, the United States became a much more industrialized society. Between 1865 and 1920, industrialization improved American life in many ways. However, industrializa Assignment 1.1: Industrialization After the Civil War Thesis and Outline After the Civil War, the United States became a much more industrialized society. Between 1865 and 1920, industrialization improved American life in many ways. However, industrialization also created problems for American society. Consider events that took place after the Civil War and discuss ways that industrialization affected the U.S. between 1865 and 1920. Part 1: Write a thesis statement that is one to two (1-2) sentences long in which you:State your thesis on how industrialization after the Civil War influenced U.S. society, economy, and politics. Justify your response. For the first part of this assignment you will create a thesis statement. A thesis statement is usually a single sentence somewhere in your first paragraph that presents your main idea to the reader. The body of the essay organizes the material you gather and present in support of your main idea. Keep in mind that a thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself. (Note: Please consult the Purdue OWL Website with tips on how to construct a proper thesis; the website can be found at: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/545/01/ Part 2: For the next part of this assignment you will create an outline of the main points you want to address in this paper. This outline will serve as the basis for your Assignment 1.2 Final Draft. (Note: Please use the Purdue Owl Website to assist you with this assignment; this website can be accessed at:https://owl.english.purdue.edu/engagement/2/2/55/ Write a one to two (1-2) page outline in which you:List three (3) major aspects of industrialization between 1865 and 1920. In your response, consider society, the economy, and politics.List five (5) specific groups that were affected by industrialization. Provide two (2) examples for each group describing how the group was affected. (Consider issues such as race, ethnicity, gender, child labor, etc.)List five (5) ways that industrialization affected the life of the average working American during this period.Use at least three (3) academic references besides or in addition to the textbook. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: Identify and discuss the different ways that the Civil War, Reconstruction, and Industrialization after the Civil War have shaped America’s history.Summarize and discuss the ways that formal policies of government have influenced the direction of historical and social development in the United States.Recognize the major turning points in American history since the Civil War.Use technology and information resources to research issues in contemporary U.S. history.Write clearly and concisely about contemporary U.S. history using proper writing mechanics.

Assignment 1.2: Industrialization After the Civil War Final Paper After the Civil War, the United States became a much more industrialized society. Between 1865 and 1920, industrialization improved American life in many ways. However, industrialization al Assignment 1.2: Industrialization After the Civil War Final Paper After the Civil War, the United States became a much more industrialized society. Between 1865 and 1920, industrialization improved American life in many ways. However, industrialization also created problems for American society. Consider events that took place after the Civil War and discuss ways that industrialization affected the U.S. between 1865 and 1920. You have already developed a thesis statement and developed an outline in which you identify three main points relevant to your topic. Now you will develop the final paper in which you explore your main points in detail. Write a four to five (3-5) page paper in which you: 1. Introduce your paper with your previously crafted thesis statement. 2. Discuss three (3) major aspects of industrialization between 1865 and 1920. In your response, consider society, the economy, and politics. 3. Identify three (3) specific groups that were affected by industrialization and provide two examples for each group describing how the group was affected. (Consider issues such as race, ethnicity, gender, child labor, etc.) 4. Summarize how industrialization affected the life of the average working American during this period. Use specific examples and details. 5. Use at least four (4) academic references besides or in addition to the textbook. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA style or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. • Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: • Identify and discuss the different ways that the heritage of slavery, the Civil War, the Reconstruction, and segregation have shaped America’s history. • Summarize and discuss the ways that formal policies of government have influenced the direction of historical and social development in the United States. • Recognize the major turning points in American history since the Civil War. • Use technology and information resources to research issues in contemporary U.S. history. • Write clearly and concisely about contemporary U.S. history using proper writing mechanics.

Sociology: Chapter 17 Science Chapter 17 Science, the Environment, and Society 1. What did Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai believe was central to promoting international peace? a. environmental preservation b. eliminating poverty c. environmental education d. governmental policies protecting the environment DIF: Moderate REF: Page 629 TOP: Factual OBJ: Environmental Preservation 2. Which of the following is a problem caused by deforestation in Africa? a. soil erosion b. lack of crop rotation c. decrease in animal population d. dehydration DIF: Moderate REF: Pages 629–630 TOP: Factual OBJ: Environmental Preservation 3. Sociologists of science are interested in the ____________ of scientific discoveries. a. gender relationships b. environmental effects c. social consequences d. biological background DIF: Moderate REF: Page 630 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Science 4. The Green Belt movement argued that planting trees has social effects on: a. community empowerment. b. gender equality. c. international peace. d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 630 TOP: Factual OBJ: Environmental Preservation 5. Factors that can influence science include: a. the researcher’s interest. b. religious beliefs. c. political and social factors. d. all of the above. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 633 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Science 6. Which of the following is NOT a reason your text mentions that causes researchers to choose their area of study? a. social concerns b. interest in topic c. available funding d. politics DIF: Moderate REF: Page 633 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Science 7. In 1942, the research project that focused on developing atomic weapons for the United States was code-named the: a. Manhattan Project. b. Oppenheimer Project. c. Groves Project. d. World War II Project. DIF: Easy REF: Page 634 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Science 8. According to your text, the decision to pursue nuclear technologies during World War II was influenced: a. strictly by politics. b. by international geopolitical circumstances. c. by the desire to defeat the Nazis. d. strictly by social reasons. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 634 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Science 9. Researchers in different fields may study the same issue but have different outcomes because: a. they are in opposition to each other. b. some are not working in legitimate scientific disciplines. c. boundary work limits their research. d. they are working through different frameworks. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 637 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Sociology of Science 10. A sociologist, biologist, and psychologist are studying Olympic athletes. Their results: a. may be complementary or conflicting. b. will not be applicable to other fields of study. c. will all be completely different. d. will need to be examined independently of each other. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 637 TOP: Applied OBJ: Sociology of Science 11. Sociologists tend to study data within the real world, while scientists: a. use models of the real world. b. bring data into the laboratory. c. try to leave the laboratory as much as possible. d. none of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 638 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Science 12. Thomas Kuhn believed that normal scientific discovery: a. is ruptured by scientific revolutions. b. proceeds along a linear path. c. accumulates little by little over time. d. evolves exponentially. DIF: Easy REF: Page 631 TOP: Factual OBJ: Scientific Revolution 13. What is the factor responsible for important scientific advancements? a. normal science b. scientific revolutions c. political–social factors d. scientific theory DIF: Moderate REF: Page 632 TOP: Factual OBJ: Scientific Revolutions 14. When a scientific paradigm shifts, this means that: a. scientists revert back to a previous paradigm. b. research is being conducted in a new country. c. scientists have come to a standstill on their discoveries of a particular topic. d. a scientific revolution has happened. DIF: Easy REF: Page 631 TOP: Factual OBJ: Paradigm 15. Conducting experiments and obtaining results is referred to as: a. a paradigm. b. the research process. c. normal science. d. scientific discovery. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 631 TOP: Factual OBJ: Normal Science 16. Normal science: a. exists only in laboratories. b. is conducted within an existing paradigm. c. attempts to create nonexistent paradigms. d. means that scientists operate outside the laboratory. DIF: Easy REF: Page 631 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Normal Science 17. According to the normative view of science, what should scientists leave at the laboratory door? a. life stresses b. personal values c. social structures d. historical forces DIF: Easy REF: Page 632 TOP: Factual OBJ: Normative View of Science 18. Often nonscientists make decisions that affect the course of science. Which of the following is mentioned in your text? a. stem cell research b. same-sex marriage c. natural versus medicated childbirth d. left versus right brain differences DIF: Easy REF: Pages 633–634 TOP: Factual OBJ: Normative View of Science 19. Most scientists agree with: a. intelligent design theory. b. Darwin’s natural selection theory c. biological differences in IQ. d. clear-cut racial divides with regard to genetics. DIF: Easy REF: Page 635 TOP: Factual OBJ: Boundary Work 20. If a city planner is trying to determine why poverty rates are higher in the inner city, he or she might look at the lack of jobs in the area. If a psychologist is looking at the same thing, he or she may look more at levels of depression in the residents of an inner city. This difference is often called: a. a scientific revolution. b. the green revolution. c. a paradigm shift. d. boundary work. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 636 TOP: Applied OBJ: Boundary Work 21. In the Dover, PA, school district, what theory was presented as an alternate to Darwin’s theory of natural selection? a. evolution b. the Bible c. intelligent design d. survival of the fittest DIF: Easy REF: Page 635 TOP: Factual OBJ: Intelligent Design 22. Ethnographic research: a. is field research. b. involves researcher participation. c. is done by observation. d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 637 TOP: Factual OBJ: In the Lab 23. What did Latour and Woolgar suggest may influence which research findings receive the most attention? a. the senior researchers b. power struggles within the lab hierarchy c. political agendas d. the source of the research funding DIF: Moderate REF: Page 638 TOP: Factual OBJ: In the Lab 24. It is argued that ____________ are not made, but rather preexist in objective reality waiting to be discovered. a. theories b. diseases c. scientific facts d. scientific discoveries DIF: Moderate REF: Page 639 TOP: Factual OBJ: Construction of Scientific Fact 25. The debates over whether scientific facts are made or preexist are referred to as: a. research objectives. b. research claims. c. scientific debates. d. science wars. DIF: Easy REF: Page 639 TOP: Factual OBJ: Construction of Scientific Fact 26. Philosopher Ian Hacking suggests that ____________ play into what is discovered and how it is discovered. a. cultural norms and social situations b. social values c. political agendas d. all of the above DIF: Difficult REF: Page 639 TOP: Factual OBJ: Construction of Scientific Fact 27. Sociologists who study scientists in the laboratory do so because: a. they want to be sure their findings are valid. b. they want to reinforce their research results. c. they are interested in the construction of scientific facts. d. they want to discover the inside scoop on “real” science. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 638 TOP: Applied OBJ: Construction of Scientific Fact 28. The term used to describe a well-known scientist who is more likely to be credited with a particular scientific discovery than lesser-known colleagues is: a. the hierarchy rule. b. prestige seniority. c. science wars. d. the Matthew effect. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 639 TOP: Factual OBJ: Matthew Effect 29. The Matthew effect is essentially like: a. having to have experience to get a job. b. birds of a feather flock together. c. the blind leading the blind. d. rejection during a lover’s spat. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 639 TOP: Applied OBJ: Matthew Effect 30. In 1977, Wangari Maathai started the ____________ due to her concern with the effects of deforestation on rural communities. a. Black Belt Project b. anti-forestation movement c. Green Belt Movement d. Global Warming Project DIF: Moderate REF: Page 629 TOP: Factual OBJ: Environmental Preservation 31. Wangari Maathai, of the Green Belt Movement, demonstrated that the simple act of ____________ has profound social effects for community empowerment, gender equality, and international peace. a. planting trees b. changing scientific paradigms c. narrowing the digital divide d. cloning fish DIF: Easy REF: Page 630 TOP: Factual OBJ: Environmental Preservation 32. Al Gore’s film An Inconvenient Truth documented the effect of what on climate temperature? a. global warming b. human activity c. hurricanes d. evolution DIF: Easy REF: Page 640 TOP: Factual OBJ: Global Warming 33. According to scientists, what is the number one contributor to rising global temperatures? a. deforestation b. CO2 emissions c. drought d. alteration in rainfall patterns DIF: Easy REF: Page 641 TOP: Factual OBJ: Global Warming 34. What do scientists predict will result from a continued rise in global temperatures? a. heat waves b. change in agricultural production c. migration from coastal communities d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 642 TOP: Factual OBJ: Global Warming 35. The global warming argument is that as ocean levels rise: a. many more people will move away from the coast. b. more people will move to the coast. c. more people will leave the mountains. d. more people will move to the suburbs. DIF: Easy REF: Page 640 TOP: Factual OBJ: Global Warming 36. Compared to organic megafarms, why are small farms at a disadvantage? a. The USDA will not certify small farms. b. It is too costly to truck their produce across the country. c. USDA certification is expensive. d. It is too difficult to meet the definition of “organic.” DIF: Moderate REF: Page 644 TOP: Factual OBJ: Organic Foods 37. Organic products can lead to health stratification by income because: a. you need to have land to grow organic products. b. organic products are more expensive. c. organic products aren’t sold in poor neighborhoods. d. organic products are only sold in high-end markets. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 644 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Organic Foods 38. Farmers who are thinking about future generations have committed to several issues. Which of the following is NOT one of the issues mentioned in your text? a. renewable resources b. using environmentally friendly tractors c. conservation of soil d. saving energy DIF: Moderate REF: Page 644 TOP: Factual OBJ: Organic Foods 39. Which of the following is NOT on the checklist government inspectors use when certifying organic farms? a. pesticide-free soils b. synthetic fertilizers c. percentage of items produced organically d. storage of organic products DIF: Moderate REF: Page 644 TOP: Factual OBJ: Organic Foods 40. Sometimes meat and poultry aren’t labeled organic even though they come from free-range animals raised without growth hormones or antibiotics. Why? a. Because small farmers are moving into the cities and leaving their organic farms behind. b. The guidelines as to what is an organic farm have not yet been established by the government. c. Because it is too expensive to maintain an organic farm with USDA certification. d. It is difficult to keep cattle and chickens fenced in; therefore they could be contaminated by other animals. DIF: Easy REF: Page 644 TOP: Applied OBJ: Organic Foods 41. Which of the following is NOT one of benefits of GMOs (genetically modified foods)? a. more profitable b. lower food prices c. better able to resist insects d. more nutritious products DIF: Difficult REF: Page 645 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 42. GMOs may allow farmers to avoid using toxic pesticides and herbicides because: a. the plant taste is unappealing to insects. b. the plant releases an unpleasant odor to the insects. c. GMOs are a natural insect repellent. d. insects are not able to digest the plant, so they die. DIF: Easy REF: Page 645 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 43. Genetic modifications may reduce waste by: a. keeping plants in stores fresher. b. keeping plants ripe longer. c. decreasing plant maturation time. d. all of the above. DIF: Easy REF: Page 645 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 44. Scientists were hoping to solve health and nutritional problems for children in developing countries by: a. developing GMOs with nutritional balance. b. producing mass crops to feed them. c. creating rice with high levels of vitamin A. d. reducing toxic pesticides. DIF: Easy REF: Page 645 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 45. What is one of the risks genetic modification may have to the environment? a. permanently damaging the soil b. severe damage to other vegetation c. an ecological chain reaction d. harmful effects to birds DIF: Moderate REF: Page 646 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 46. One of the major reasons farmers genetically modify their produce is so: a. they produce higher yields. b. they don’t have to weed their fields. c. they don’t have to hand pick their crops. d. they can increase the price they charge for their crops. DIF: Easy REF: Page 645 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 47. One argument against genetically modified foods is that: a. there will be too much food and a lot will go to waste. b. it is possible to genetically modify some foods, so there will be a scarcity of healthy foods. c. they may pose long-term adverse health effects. d. they are too expensive for most people. DIF: Easy REF: Page 646 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 48. Risks that result from human activity are referred to as: a. human risks. b. manufactured risks. c. personal risks. d. modern risks. DIF: Easy REF: Page 647 TOP: Factual OBJ: Risk Society 49. In Beck’s description of risk society, Hurricane Katrina is an example of what type of risk? a. regional b. external c. environmental d. social DIF: Moderate REF: Page 647 TOP: Applied OBJ: Risk Society 50. Charles Perrow believes that although disasters from manufactured risks are a part of modern life, we can: a. better plan how to handle disasters. b. simply rebuild after a disaster. c. reduce their impact. d. evacuate people from disaster areas. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 647 TOP: Factual OBJ: Risk Society 51. The introduction of high-yield crop varietals in developing countries and improvements in agricultural technologies are two trends that fall under the umbrella of: a. the green revolution. b. GMOs. c. genetic modifications. d. ecological interconnectedness. DIF: Easy REF: Page 647 TOP: Factual OBJ: Green Revolution 52. The Cooperative Wheat Research and Production Program was established in 1945 to: a. feed children in developing countries. b. improve Mexico’s agricultural output. c. develop new ways to increase wheat production. d. help farmers have higher wheat yields. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 647 TOP: Factual OBJ: Green Revolution 53. Since the late 1990s a large portion of Asia has been: a. farming a mix of crops. b. dependent on rain to feed crops. c. using nontoxic pesticides. d. using high-yield rice seeds. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 648 TOP: Factual OBJ: Green Revolution 54. It has taken Africa longer to reap the benefits of the green revolution because of Africa’s mix of crops and: a. the crops’ rain-fed dependency. b. hard climate. c. pesticide-tolerant insects. d. all of these. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 648 TOP: Applied OBJ: Green Revolution 55. Because of the green revolution, food production has kept pace with: a. income increases. b. population growth. c. technology. d. change in skills. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 648 TOP: Applied OBJ: Green Revolution 56. New technologies requiring more skills resulted in: a. potentially toxic fertilizers being used incorrectly. b. schooling for women in rural areas. c. more competition between nations for skilled laborers. d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 648 TOP: Applied OBJ: Green Revolution 57. Which of the following is NOT a potential problem with high-yield crops? a. sacrifice of micronutrients b. greater susceptibility to disease c. increased water usage d. irrigated water polluting the soil DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 648–649 TOP: Factual OBJ: Green Revolution 58. Vandana Shiva agrees that the green revolution has increased agricultural output and household incomes, but she is concerned about ____________ changes. a. economic b. cultural c. environmental d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 649 TOP: Factual OBJ: Green Revolution 59. The green revolution has made it expensive for individual farms to survive on their own, so new collectives and cooperatives have emerged to bring together household farmers. Durkheim might call this a type of: a. rebellion. b. social solidarity. c. genetic manipulation. d. Verstehen. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 648 TOP: Conceptual OBJ: Green Revolution 60. The twin study links a genetic connection to: a. homosexuality. b. personal characteristics. c. biological diseases. d. all of the above. DIF: Easy REF: Page 651 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetics 61. Finding a “gay gene” may bring about ____________ because it will show that homosexuality is a natural attribute. a. political controversy b. social tolerance c. demoralization d. further stigmatization DIF: Easy REF: Page 652 TOP: Applied OBJ: Genetics 62. What are some of the unintended consequences of DNA testing? a. social b. psychological c. economic d. all of the above DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 653–655 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetics 63. Some gays and lesbians may be in favor of finding a “gay gene,” because many in the gay community believe that: a. they can all move to one area of the country and know who is who. b. the controversy will move from a “moral” choice to a biological issue, so discrimination may decrease. c. it will allow them to become heterosexual. d. they will then be allowed to abort their children if they have this gene. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 652 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetics 64. The Human Genome Project has addressed several important issues in its process of scientific discovery. Which of the following is NOT one of those issues mentioned in your text? a. ethical issues b. political issues c. legal issues d. social issues DIF: Moderate REF: Page 649 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 65. Which of the following is NOT one of the concerns that has come about from the Human Genome Project? a. privacy b. stratification c. social paranoia d. stigmatization DIF: Moderate REF: Page 650 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 66. The concern resulting from the Human Genome Project, which could group people positively or negatively based on their genetic code, is called: a. stratification. b. stigmatization. c. labeling. d. all of the above. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 650 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 67. The ____________ study showed how labels become self-fulfilling prophecies. a. Human Genome b. Pygmalion c. twin d. stigmatization DIF: Easy REF: Page 650 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 68. One of the problems with the Human Genome Project is that once your genetic structure is known: a. you may be able to genetically redesign yourself. b. you may be labeled in such a way that a self-fulfilling prophecy takes place. c. you may be unable to get dates. d. your parents may divorce you. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 650 TOP: Applied OBJ: Human Genome Project 69. When looking at race, DNA testing may: a. discover propensities toward certain diseases. b. segregate African Americans. c. find genetic differences. d. help trace genealogical history. DIF: Easy REF: Page 653 TOP: Applied OBJ: Race Genetics 70. What is one of the two types of cloning? a. reproductive b. scientific c. DNA d. genetic DIF: Moderate REF: Page 656 TOP: Factual OBJ: Cloning 71. Cells cloned through ____________ are not allowed to develop into a mature person, animal, or other organism. a. research cloning b. embryos c. reproductive cloning d. fetuses DIF: Moderate REF: Page 656 TOP: Factual OBJ: Cloning 72. Although Kass wrote about several negative outcomes of cloning, he also mentioned several positive outcomes. Which of the following is NOT one of the positives outcomes Kass mentions? a. cloning a deceased child b. opportunities for same-sex couples to reproduce c. providing needed organs d. helping paralyzed individuals DIF: Moderate REF: Page 656 TOP: Factual OBJ: Cloning 73. What billion-dollar Internet company started in a Stanford University dorm room? a. Google b. Yahoo c. AOL d. Myspace DIF: Easy REF: Pages 657–658 TOP: Factual OBJ: The Internet 74. The digital divide refers to: a. technological inequality. b. access to and knowledge of the Internet. c. social stratification. d. Internet connection. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 658 TOP: Factual OBJ: Digital Divide 75. Which term best describes the division between individuals who have access to Internet resources and those who do not within the United States? a. global divide b. technological inequality c. social stratification d. social divide DIF: Easy REF: Page 659 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Divide 76. Global divide describes: a. the lack of Internet access in poorer nations. b. international stratification. c. the lack of wireless connection in third-world nations. d. technological inequality. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 660 TOP: Factual OBJ: Global Divide Completion 1. The code name given to the team of research scientists working on developing atomic weapons for the United States in 1942 was ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 634 TOP: Factual OBJ: Sociology of Science 2. When there is incomplete or inadequate information to explain all observed phenomena, a ____________ may occur. DIF: Easy REF: Page 632 TOP: Factual OBJ: Scientific Revolution | Paradigm 3. A ____________ is the framework within which scientists operate. DIF: Easy REF: Page 631 TOP: Factual OBJ: Paradigm 4. Instances in which divisions between fields of knowledge are created, advocated, attacked, or reinforced are referred to as ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 636 TOP: Factual OBJ: Boundary Work 5. The manner in which prestige is earned and rewards are distributed in the scientific community is sometimes referred to as ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 639 TOP: Factual OBJ: Matthew Effect 6. Products whose genetic structures have been altered are called ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 645 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 7. Two risks of genetic modification are ____________ and ____________. DIF: Difficult REF: Pages 645–646 TOP: Applied OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 8. One of the risks of genetic modification to humans is ____________, DIF: Easy REF: Page 646 TOP: Factual OBJ: Genetically Modified Foods 9. The two types of risk in Beck’s concept of the risk society are ____________ and ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 647 TOP: Factual OBJ: Risk Society 10. Charles Perrow (2007) argues that disasters resulting from ____________ risks are an inevitable part of modern life. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 647 TOP: Fact OBJ: Risk Society 11. The introduction of high-yield crops in developing countries and improvement in agricultural technologies are a part of the ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 647 TOP: Factual OBJ: Green Revolution 12. The green revolution has shifted from family-owned farms to ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 648 TOP: Factual OBJ: Green Revolution 13. The Human Genome Project has discovered ____________ human genes. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 649 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 14. The ____________ has helped us identify genes in human DNA and understand diseases. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 649 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 15. ____________ is a concern that emerged from the Human Genome Project that occurs when society marks someone as disgraceful or different. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 650 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 16. In 2005, scientists reported evidence of a link between homosexuality and ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 652 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 17. The Lemba believe that they are a ____________. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 654 TOP: Factual OBJ: Human Genome Project 18. Dolly was the genetic replica of a ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 656 TOP: Factual OBJ: Cloning 19. Wireless connections have been available since around ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 657 TOP: Factual OBJ: The Internet 20. The ____________ addresses the inequality that is often associated with Internet access. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 658 TOP: Factual OBJ: Digital Divide 21. After education level, one of the main reasons for the social divide in the United States with regard to Internet access is ____________. DIF: Moderate REF: Page 659 TOP: Factual OBJ: Digital Divide 22. One of the items Obama’s stimulus plan has targeted with regard to Internet access is ____________. DIF: Easy REF: Page 659 TOP: Factual OBJ: Digital Divide 23. The ____________ refers to differences in knowledge and access to the Internet within a country. DIF: Difficult REF: Page 659 TOP: Factual OBJ: Social Divide Essay 1. Describe the intersection between science and politics. How do they influence each other? 2. Discuss the effects of global warming from a sociological perspective. 3. What are organic foods? How do organic products influence social status both for the individual consumer and for the farms that produce them? What are some ways that large organic farms are not “green”? 4. What are the benefits and risks of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)? Do you think the benefits outweigh the risks? 5. What are the agricultural trends of the green revolution? What have been the positive chain reactions and risks associated with it? 6. What are the sociological effects of genetic information related to race? 7. What is the Human Genome Project? What are the advantages of its results? Discuss the social issues that have arisen due to the information this project has uncovered. 8. Explain reproductive cloning and research cloning. What is the controversy surrounding cloning? What are positive results that could come from cloning? 9. Relate the digital divide to stratification using examples. 10. Explain the social divide and the global divide. What is the significance of stratification to each? What can be done to help bridge the gap? 11. Since the Internet as we know it has only been around since the early 1990s, how has this affected the generation gap between you and your parents? Do you feel that this has hindered communication between you and your parents or created more of an opportunity to communicate with them? Why or why not? 12. Many elderly people are isolated from others, due to the fact they can’t drive or get around as they did when they were young. They may have lost a partner, and the only companionship they have is their TV. Why might having the Internet be a positive addition to an elderly person’s home? How might this affect their health?