University of Bristol (UOB) • Chemistry

The impact of how orbitals interact on reactivity is introduced before looking at orbital interaction in different reaction types and the effect on transition states. Rearrangement reactions of hydroboration, Baeyer-Villiger reaction, Beckmann rearrangement and Pinacol reaction are given. Effect of orbital interactions on conformation is explored through ethane and anomeric effect on 6-membered rings and the consequences of it. The Diels-Alder reaction is introduced and explored through its sele...

Chemical shift is introduced, why it is needed, how it works and how to effect it. Three different examples that effect chemical equivalence are given. Spin-spin coupling constants are looked at; how they occur and the factors that effect them. Other NMR active nuclei are given with examples of their spectra. Dynamic behaviour’s impact on spectra is looked at before looking at solid state NMR. EPR or ESR Spectroscopy is introduced and hyperfine coupling that occurs.

Carbanions are looked at with examples and how to stabilise through inductive and resonance effects. Enolate formation reaction is introduced and a look at different bases and how complete deprotonation can be. The stabilisation of enolates develops the topic before the α-halogenation by base or acid catalysed reactions. More enolate reactions are given. Alkylate aldehydes formation through enamines. Aldol reaction through acid and base conditions in either equilibrating and non-equilibrating c...

An introduction to heterocycles with examples of aromatic and non-aromatic heterocycles and how the aromaticity is formed in the 5 and 6 membered heterocycles. It then goes on to look at the reactions of 5 membered heterocycles including Friedel Crafts, Mannich reaction and Vilsmeir Reaction. This is further developed by looking at how they react when already substituted and how resonance forms explain their selectivity. Metallation and reduction reactions are looked at. How to synthesise hetero...

An introduction to the reactions of malonates and 1,3 dicarbonyls including Claisen reaction, alkylation, ring synthesis. A look at enones, how to create them and their reactivity of 1,2 and 1,4 addition attack, the use of organometallics with enones. Then notes on the formation and addition of 1,5 dicarbonyls including Robinson's annelation. An introduction to the disconnection approach for retrosynthesis. 1,4 dicarbonyls and their reactions are introduced. 1,2 Dicarbonyls/Difunctionals reacti...

Notes on the types of carbocations and their relative reactivity, their reactions including rearrangements and shifts, how readily they will migrate. Reactions of benzene including Fiedel Crafts alkylation and acylation, nitration, sulfonation. A look at further substitution and the impact of resonance, inductive effects and steric factors at controlling additional substitution. Ways to form substituted aromatics are then given including Diels Alder and carbonyl condensation. A few reactions of ...

Notes on amines: their naming, hybridisation, solubility, basicity, synthesis, phase transfer conditions, reductive amination. A look at the acidity of organic compounds: measuring the acidity, relationship of pKa and pH, factors that affect the acidity of molecules with examples. Simple kinetic profiles, pseudo orders and examples of it. Linear free energy relationships looking at Hammet correlation and how to use it to help determine the rate-limiting step.

Notes on carbonyl chemistry, nucleophilic addition to carbonyls, use of organometallic reagents, acetal formation, nucleophilic substitution, the reactivity of these reagents, enolates

Notes on entropy and multiplicity, the constraint of energy on entropy, internal energy, heat and work, the direction of spontaneous change

Notes on molecular collisions and rates, the rate constant, rate laws, equilibria and mixing for 1st chemistry degree