Latest uploads at The University of Birmingham

REALISM SUMMARY NOTES
These documents provide a detailed summary of two of the most important theories of international relations: Liberalism and Realism. These will help you get a good knowledgeable understanding of both theories with some examples and brief enough to study/cram before any exams but also detailed enough to use as a basis for more in depth knowledge of the theories. The summaries mostly take on the key textbooks of the course: The Globalization of World Politics and Introduction to International Relations Discipline and Diversity, but also some external reliable sources to simplify some key aspects of the theories.

Diseases of the Respiratory System
Pathology and symptoms and respiratory diseases with graphs showing the changes in FEV1, FVC and peak expiratory flow rate. Comparing asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and fibrosis with possible treatment options.

Respiratory Cycle
Muscles of Respiration and Generation of Intrapleural Pressure

Ventilation and Perfusion Relationship
The relationship between ventilation and perfusion. Comparison between a perfect lung and a hyperventilated lung. The effects of gravity on the ventilation perfusion relationship in a normal lung, Including Pathologies

Neural Control of Breathing
Mechanoreceptors and pattern of breathing - Pulmonary stretch receptors, Lung-irritant receptors, Pulmonary C receptors /J receptors.

Flow Volume Loops
Bernoulli’s Principle, Reynolds Number & Turbulence and Equal Pressure Point

Disorders of Respiratory Control
Respiratory failure, Causes of hypoxia, Type 1 respiratory Failure, Consequence of systemic hypoxia (Central hypoxia, Renal hypoxia, Pulmonary hypoxia, Hypercapnia, Sleep Apnoea). Respiratory changes during sleep including Obstructive Sleep Apnoea and Central Sleep Apnoea.

Neural Control of Breathing
Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG) and medullary respiratory centres involvement in inspiration and expiration in quiet breathing including higher brain centers

Chemical Control of Breathing
Modulation of neural rhythm with Peripheral and central chemoreceptors. Stimulus response of carotid body

Compliance in the Respiratory System
The relationship between elastance and compliance. Explanation of the lung compliance curve. Laplace’s Law and its effect on surface tension in the lungs. The functions of surfactant